Seafood poisoning due to mussels contaminated with pathogens is an important health issue all over the world. Increasing attention and efforts are made to improve the last product quality of mussels and to save consumers from food poisoning. In this study, the depuration process of black mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) which have a high consumption rate and located in coastal waters of Turkey was tried to improve using Chloramine-T and superoxide disinfectants. For this purpose, mussels contaminated with Escherichia coli were subjected to depuration for 6 hours in the presence of 20 mg / L of two disinfectants. In the study, It was determined that E. coli numbers in the mussels of disinfectant groups with an initial bacterial load of 4.4 Log cfu / g, decreased to 3.70 and 3.86 Log cfu / g, respectively and the depuration was faster than the control group (4.05 Log cfu / g). As a result, it has been concluded that the use of food-suitable disinfectants in deposition waters can be used for faster and more effective purification. However, considering the possibility of chemicals leaving residues in mussels, detailed studies should be carried out.

Günümüzde bal arılarında dil çıkartma (PER) ve iğne çıkartma (SER) refleksleri gözlemlenerek koşullu şartlandırma araştırmaları yapılmaktadır. Araştırmalar sonucu narkotik maddeler, patlayıcılar, hastalıklar ve manyetik alanlar gibi olguların tespitinde bal arılarının biyo-sensör olarak şartlandırılarak kullanılabileceği gösterilmiştir. Bal arıları ile yapılan koşullu şartlandırma çalışmalarında doygun atmosfer spreyi ve dokunma yöntemleri dil çıkartma refleksi (PER) tespitinde yoğun olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bal arılarının farklı ırk ve ekotipleri ile yapılan bu çalışmada; doygun atmosfer spreyi ile şartlandırma yöntemi için, şartlandırma kabini içerisindeki işçi arılara aromatik bitki özütü içeren 50 cc atmosferik koku; yaklaşık 3 saniye içerisinde 5 cm mesafeden baş hizasına enjekte edilerek tanıtılmış ve arkasından 1/1 şeker-su (w/w) karışımı şurup ile ödüllendirilmişlerdir. Dokunma ile şartlandırma denemesinde ise yağlı aromatik bitki özütüne daldırılan ahşap kürdan işçi arıların antenlerine dokundurularak arkasından 1/1 şeker-su (w/w) karışımı şurup ile ödüllendirilmişlerdir. 15 dakika ara ile üç kez tekrar edilerek koşullu şartlandırılan bal arılarının şartlanma sonrası hatırlama oranları dil çıkartma refleksi (PER) davranışı gözlemlenerek şartlanma gösterip göstermedikleri tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmada kullanılan bal arısı ırk ve ekotiplerinin her iki yöntemle de şartlandıkları gözlemlenmiştir. Bal arılarının koşullu şartlanma uygulaması sonrası hatırlamada; dokunma uygulamasının doygun atmosfer spreyi uygulamasına göre daha fazla şartlanma ve hatırlanma oranına sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Industries, as a source of pollution, have a considerable impact on aquatic ecosystems due to the diversity in the composition of their wastewater. In this study, it is aimed to determine the heavy metal pollution caused by the wastewater of milk products factory, paint factory and textile factory in the Organized Industrial Zone of Kahramanmaraş province. For this purpose, seasonal concentrations of some heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, As and Hg) have been determined in wastewaters of milk products factory, paint factory and textile factory and in the region where these wastewaters discharge in the Erkenez Stream. The seasonal variation of heavy metals in all stations, generally the lowest concentrations of all elements were determined in winter and the highest concentrations were determined in summer. When the heavy metal contents of milk products factory, paint factory and textile factory wastewaters were compared, the highest values were found in textile factory wastewater. When all stations are taken into consideration, according to USEPA and water quality criteria, it is determined that the wastewaters of milk products factory, paint factory and textile factory and the area of the Erkenez Stream, where these wastewaters are discharged, were very dirty in term of heavy metals. When these results are taken into consideration, it is clear that the wastewater of these factories causes serious heavy metal pollution in the Erkenez Stream.

This study reports on the evaluation of the antioxidant of ethanolic extracts of Mytilus galloprovincialis and Ruditapes philippinarum collected from the Marmara Sea. The antioxidant activity of the two bivalve species was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. The total carotenoid contents were also determined. In the DPPH method, all extracts exhibited low radical scavenging activity when compared to the standards used, i.e. -tocopherol and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) with the inhibition percentage in the range of 35.87±0.05 – 36.27±0.02%. In particular, M. galloprovincialis exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 29.55±0.02 mg/g Ext. However, there are no statistically significant differences in the IC50 values of two species. The highest total carotenoid content was found in M. galloprovincialis as 1.13±0.02 µg/g sample. The statistically significant differences were found in total carotenoid contents of two bivalves. In this study in M. galloprovincialis was also found to be high in carotenoid content, while R. philippinarum was found to be almost nonexistent. More detailed studies are needed to determine relationship between the bioactive compounds of crustaceans and their antioxidant activities, distributed in our country.

Over the years, the growing concerns about the negative impact of anti-microbial growth promoters has triggered researches into the use of phytogenic feed additives in poultry production in order to ascertain better performance of birds as well as safety in the food chain. Phytogenic feed additives are compound derived from varieties of plants, its parts, extracts and essential oils which possess active substances that are of significant importance. Some of its functions include anti-microbial and anti-oxidative effects on the poultry feeds and carcass as well as enhancement of flavour of feeds. Despite the beneficial influences of PFAs, numerous controversial issues have emerged on the appropriate dosage to be used in poultry production. This may be due to the differences in edaphic and climatic actions on plants available in various part of the world and stage of harvesting of plants which makes standardizing inclusion levels of phytogenic feed additives in poultry diet seemingly difficult. However, it is crystal clear that phytogenic feed additives qualify as a better substitute to anti-microbial growth promoters as it is safe and ecologically friendly.

Due to rapidly increasing population and urbanization, agricultural lands are shrinking. However, environmental problems and pollution are constantly increasing. This poses a threat to agricultural production and food access. In order to overcome these threats, the use of fully controlled indoor production systems called plant factory is becoming widespread. The management of plant nutrition and monitor of environmental conditions is very important for production in the plant factory. Plant production is sensitive to environmental conditions. For this reason, it is necessary to make accurate measurements in order to ensure the correct climatic conditions. The high cost of control systems designed for this purpose is a problem for producers. In this study, a mini plant factory prototype and control system are presented which is developed by using open source hardware and software. In addition, the temperature, relative humidity and light measured by the low-cost sensors were compared with the reference devices and the system performance and stability were investigated.

Thymbra spicata var. spicata is known as “Zahter ”, “Sater” or “Karabaş thyme in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey and leaves and flowers are consumed as spices and tea, while young shoots are consumed as salads.This study was carried out to determine the change in essential oil content and chemical compositionduring the daytime of the Thymbra spicata plant in Ermenek district of Karaman.In order to determine the diurnal variation, the harvest was done at 5 different hours during the daytime (6:00, 9:00, 12:00, 15:00 and 18:00) in the flowering period. The harvested plants were dried in the shade and the essential oil contents were determined by Clevenger apparatus by hydro distillation and analyzed by GC-MS. The highest content of essential oil was obtained at 18.00 hours with 2.96% and the lowest one’s was obtained at 12.00 hours with 2.20%.The main components of the essential oil were determined as carvacrol (23.29% - 39.89%), thymol (16.24% - 21.52%) and γ-terpinene (18.01% - 20.90%).

The aim of this study was to investigate preservation of the microbiological, chemical and sensory quality of chicken meatballs during storage time by using rosemary essential oil (REO) coated vacuum packaging materials at +4°C. The treatments of chicken meatballs examined in the present study were done by vacuum packaging and packaging materials were prepared by using REO coating 0.3% for group A, 0.5% group B and control group without any additive. The chicken meatballs were analyzed for microbiological (Psychrophilic total viable counts, Enterobacteriaceae, Lactic acid bacteria and Yeast/Mold), chemical (pH and thiobarbituric acid values) and sensory (appearance, taste and general acceptability) parameters. In the study, the microbiological quality of chicken meatballs in samples coated with vacuum packaging with REO had better shelf life compared to control group. The REO 0.3% treatment group samples resulted in a shelf life extension for 9 days compared to the control group samples with a shelf life of 5 days. Thiobarbituric acid values were found to be lower in REO coated groups compared to control. This study was shown that, vacuum packaging materials coated with REO are effective against microbial growth and lipid oxidation and improves sensory qualities of chicken meatballs.

In this study, we performed a genetic diversity analysis using RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) and ISSR (Inter simple sequence repeat) markers for some Chrysochamela species growing in Turkey. PCR was performed using RAPD and ISSR primers and genomic DNA samples from each specimen, and the resulting bands were scored. Phylogenetic relationships and genetic distances between the studied taxa were calculated using the PAUP analysis program. According to the RAPD analysis, the closest genetic distance was found to be 0.20000 between C. noeana populations, while the most distant values were found as 0.60000 between C. noeana and C. elliptica. The ISSR analysis also revealed the closest genetic distance as 0.34043 between C. noeana populations, while the most distant values were found to be 0.55319 between C. noeana and C. elliptica. UPGMA (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean) dendrogram generated for both RAPD and ISSR analyses consisted of two groups. As a result, it was found that RAPD data were more appropriate for comparison with the previous anatomical and morphological data of the studied taxa.

In models that predict hydrologic, ecological and product-yield relationship, the climate interface file is widely used. Today, CLIGEN is the most widely used climate model. While this model is extensively used in many countries around the world, it is not used commonly in our country. In this study, daily data belonging to Tokat climate conditions were simulated with CLIGEN. Observed and simulated precipitation was classified as the wet/dry period. The performance of the CLIGEN climate model was evaluated in both wet and dry periods according to the seasons. The relationship between the obtained precipitation data was statistically determined by Kolmogorov-Smirnov and t-test. Tokat province is located in the arid and semi-arid climate zone. The performance of the model in predicting precipitation in all seasons during the dry period was found to be quite successful.