Knowing the current and the potential production amount of wheat is essential to meet the growing needs. Yield is determined by many factors. The main factors that limit the potential yield are genetic characteristics, and climatic factors such as rainfall and radiation, and management. Wheat is mostly grown in non-irrigated areas in Turkey. The most significant factors that limit dry agriculture wheat production yield in the Mediterranean climatic type are rainfall and its distribution in the growing season. A steady increase in yield is observed in Turkey in recent years. Average annual wheat production is 20.6 million tons. The potential production in this work is determined as 54 million tons. The gap is about 33 million ton. The actual production is 39% of the potential production. The average yield of the Growing Season Rainfall (GSRF) 500 mm areas is 2.2 t ha-1, and the potential yield is 8.8 t ha-1. The gap between the actual yield and potential yield is quite large. The current yield between the areas (GSRF 500 mm) is very small. So it is difficult to explain the gap just because of the rainfall.

Gıda proseslerinde transglutaminaz (TG) enziminin kullanımı çapraz bağlanma reaksiyonları aracılığı ile proteinlerin fonksiyonel özelliklerinde önemli değişimler meydana getirmektedir. TG enzimi bu değişimleri, açil transfer reaksiyonlarını katalizleyerek proteinler, peptidler, çeşitli primer aminler arasında kovalent çapraz bağlar oluşturarak gerçekleştirmektedir. Hayvansal ve mikrobiyal kaynaklar (Streptomyces sp.) transglutaminaz enziminin ticari olarak üretiminde kullanılabilmektedir. Hayvansal kaynaklı TG enziminin kalsiyum iyonlarına ihtiyaç duyması ve üretiminin daha maliyetli olması sebebi ile mikrobiyal kaynaklı TG enzimi gıda ve diğer endüstrilerde kullanım açısından öncelik kazanmaktadır. Mikrobiyal TG (mTG) enzimi ve üretiminin artırılmasına yönelik çalışmalar, son derece dinamik bir araştırma alanı olup sürekli gelişim göstermektedir. Son yıllarda farklı fermantasyon stratejileri ve rekombinant DNA teknikleri kullanılarak üretim prosesleri yeniden optimize edilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Mikrobiyal TG enzim üretiminde temel olarak substrat optimizasyonu, metabolik optimizasyon ve fermantasyon şartlarının kontrolü (pH, çözünmüş oksijen, sıcaklık, karıştırma ve havalandırma hızı, vb.) gibi bazı klasik stratejiler üzerinde oldukça yoğun ve farklı çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Diğer taraftan sınırlı sayıda yapılan bazı çalışmalarda mTG üretiminin arttırılmasına yönelik yeni bir strateji olarak mikrobiyal stres faktörlerinin (ani sıcaklık ve pH değişimi, bazı tuz ve alkollerin varlığı, vb.) etkisi de incelenmeye ve çalışılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu derlemede birçok alanda giderek kullanımı artan mTG enzim üretiminin daha verimli ve düşük maliyetli gerçekleşebilmesi için, enzim biyosentezinin arttırılmasına yönelik bazı stratejiler üzerinde durulmuştur.

An experiment was carried out at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Bangladesh during the rabi season (December to May), 2012-13 to study the effect of different organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth and development of hybrid maize (Denali). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete block Design with three replications with 30 plots. Ten fertilizer treatments (T1= Compost, T2= Cow dung, T3= Poultry manure, T4= Recommended fertilizer dose, T5= Compost + Half recommended fertilizer dose, T6= Compost + Full recommended fertilizer dose, T7= Cow dung + Half recommended fertilizer dose, T8= Cow dung + Full recommended fertilizer dose, T9= Poultry manure + Half recommended fertilizer dose, T10= Poultry manure + Full recommended fertilizer dose. The recommended fertilizer dose was 500 Kg ha-1 urea + 250 Kg ha-1 TSP + 200 Kg ha-1 MP + 15 Kg ha-1 ZnSO4 + 6 Kg ha-1 Boric Acid. And the rate of Compost, Cow dung and Poultry manure was 10t/ha. The effect of different manure and fertilizer doses on the yield and yield attributes were significant. The plant height, number of leaves per plant, weight of stem per plant, weight of leaves per plant, length of cob, grain weight per cob, diameter of cob, no. of grains per row, no. of total grains per cob, 1000-grain weight, yield plant-1, yield ha-1 were significantly affected by different manures and fertilizer uses with different doses. The treatments T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9 and T10 gave grain yield 10.16, 9.09, 8.49, 14.34, 13.35, 18.12, 11.99, 17.09, 11.40 and 15.98 t ha-1, respectively. The T6 Treatment gave higher grain yield (18.12) t ha-1 and the T3 treatment performed lowest grain yield (8.49 t ha-1). The application of compost and full dose fertilizer is higher yielding. Balance nutrition with enough organic matter enrichment of the soil is the cause of this result.

In this study, the effects of re-cutting, wounding and disbudding over the base of dormant rootstock cuttings on the grafting success, final take and grapevine sapling quality in grafted grapevine sapling production were investigated. Five different treatments were experimented in this study as of T-1 (in which the base of the rootstock was cut and two distal buds from the base were disbud (standard application); T-2 (in which the base of the rootstock was not cut but two distal buds were disbud); T-3 (in which only the base of the rootstock was cut); T-4 (in which the base of the rootstock was cut and three buds were disbud) and T-5 (in which the base of the rootstock was crashed with a hammer and two distal buds were disbud). Scions of Royal cultivar were grafted on 5BB,1613 Couderc and 140 Ruggeri rootstocks by omega grafting machine. Grafted cuttings were planted and grown in plastic pots in a greenhouse. The callusing development and rooting performance of grafted cuttings, the final take of the first grade of the sapling and sapling itself, final take of potted grafted saplings, fresh and dry matter weight of shoot and root were evaluated. The existence of bud on base of rootstock and re-cutting of the base affected graft success positively. Re-cutting of 140 Ru rootstock of the base positively affected callusing and root development. Graft success ratios ranged from 71% (140 Ru, T-3) to 100% (1613C, T-2). Total final take ratios varied between 25% (140 Ru, T-3) and 90% (5BB, T-3) and the final take of the first grade ranged from 2.5% (140 Ru, T-2) to 37% (1613C, T-2,3,4). The existence of bud on the base portion of rootstock had a positive effect on final take and sapling quality parameters. As a result, existence of bud on the base of rootstock positively affected the graft success, shoot and root quality. Re-cutting of the base of the 140 Ru had a positive effect on graft success and final take ratios. In order to reduce the labour costs, there is no need to cut the base portion of 1613 C and 5BB rootstocks.

The present study aimed to determine antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salvia multicaulis Vahl plant collected in Gaziantep province, Turkey. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) were determined using Rel Assay kits. Antimicrobial activity was determined with modified agar dilution method. The findings demonstrated that S. multicaulis had high antioxidant activity. However, it is recommended to avoid excessive consumption of the plant due to high OSI. It was also determined that plant extracts possessed antimicrobial potential. As a result, it was determined that the plant can be used as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial resource.

Unio tigridis has an importance for the biodiversity of freshwater ecosystem of the Turkey. However, there is no available literature in the world on the growth of this species yet. The aim of this study, therefore, was to describe the age, growth and mortality of this species living in Lake Gölbaşı from Hatay providence, Turkey. A total 428 of specimen were collected using by divers with hand dredges in depth of 1 to 6 meters based on annual sampling strategy from June- 2004 to May- 2005. Lengths and weighs of sample were ranged as 2.1 to 9.2 cm (6.79 ± 1.52) and 1.1 to 73.05 g (34.18 ± 15.56), respectively. Weight-Length relationship of all specimens was described as W=0.193L2.63 (R2=0.94). Thus, a negative allometric growth was detected in the sampled population. The age of each individual was determined by counting the external shall annuli-growth interruption lines. The sampled population was composed of 18 age classes. Specimen belong to age class 7 was the most presented with 20.33 percent in the population. The rate of male to female (m:f) was 0.91:1. Seasonalized von Bertalanffy growth model (SVBGM) was used to describe the growth. From these results, it was shown that seasonality in growth does not occur in this lake for this species (L∞ = 8.80 cm (Shell Length), K = 0.271 year-1, t0 = -0.161 year, C = 0.014, ts = 0.100 year with RSS = 23.22). The total mortality rate (Z ± Se) was calculated as 0.401 ± 0.015 year-1 with R-square = 0.99 (CL of Z with 95 % = 0.361 - 0.440 year-1). Although, there is no fishing, no pollution and no predation risk on this species yet, due to growth characteristic, high K and low L∞, this type of species are vulnerable to extinction.

Son yıllarda yaşam tarzında meydana gelen değişiklikler yeme davranışını da beraberinde etkilemektedir. Değişen yaşam koşullarıyla beraber duyusal çekiciliği fazla olan hazır besinlerin tüketimi büyük oranda artış göstermektedir. Hazır besinlerdeki duyusal istek artışının temel sebeplerinden biri besinlerin içermiş olduğu yağ miktarı olarak gösterilmektedir. Yağ içeriği fazla olan besinlerin tüketiminin artmasıyla; ağızda yağ asidi eşik değerinde artışlar meydana gelmekte, yağ algısına karşı duyarsızlaşma ve sonunda da aşırı besin tüketimine bağlı olarak obeziteye sebep olmaktadır. Her ne kadar beş temel tat arasında yer almasa da yağ algısı-duyusu, yağ tadı olarak tanımlanmaya başlamış olup, iştah kontrolü ve besin seçimi mekanizmaları üzerinde etkilidir. Çağımız global sorunu olan obezitenin önlenmesi ve tedavisinde yağ algısının önemi gittikçe artmaktadır. Bu derleme yağ algısı ve obezite üzerine etkisini incelemek amacıyla planlanmıştır.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of In ovo injection of β-Alanine which is a modified form of the alanine amino acid on hatchability, hatching weight, chick quality score and survival in broiler breeder eggs. For this purpose, 120 fertile eggs from Ross 308 breeder (32-week-old) were allocated randomly to four groups with 3 replicates. Except the negative control group eggs (non injected; NC), to the amniotic fluid of the eggs in the other 3 groups were injected with 1 ml solutions 0.9% salt (Positive control, PK), 0.75% (0.75βA) or 1.5% (1.5βA) by using 19 mm and 27 gauge needle. Death rates at the different stages of embryonic development, hatching yield, weights and quality scores of chicks and mortalities were recorded at hatching day. Hatching weight of the chicks in the 0.75βA group was higher than other two control groups. Accessing feed, determined as an indicator of chick quality, was better in the 0.75βA group. Conversely, mobility score of chicks in the NC group was higher than other groups. Hatching yield, chick quality score and mortalities of the first week were not affected from In ovo βA injection. Results of this study demonstrated that In ovo βA injection can be used up to 1.5% without any deteriorations on weight, quality and mortalities of chicks but 0.75% βA injection induced better hatching characteristics.

Jelatin, hayvansal dokuların temel ve yapısal bir proteini olan kolajenin hidrolizi sonucu elde edilen protein yapısındaki bir gıda katkı maddesidir. Kolajenin üçüncül, ikincil ve kısmen birincil protein yapılarının bozulmasını içeren birtakım işlemler sonucu elde edilen jelatin, suda çözünür bir maddedir. Jelatin, hayvanların deri, beyaz bağ doku ve kemiklerinden elde edilen, yüksek molekül ağırlığına sahip önemli bir hidrokolloiddir. Gıda endüstrisinde jelleşme ve kıvam artırıcı olması sebebiyle geniş bir kullanım alanına sahiptir. Jelatini diğer hidrokolloidlerden ayıran en önemli farklılıkları insan vücut sıcaklığının altındaki sıcaklıklarda geri dönüşlü olarak eriyebilmesi, hayvansal kaynaklı doğal protein yapısında olması ve GRAS statüde bir katkı maddesi olmasıdır. Bu derlemede jelatin üretimi amacıyla kullanılan mevcut ve alternatif kaynaklar, jelatinin kendine özgü fonksiyonel özellikleri, erime ve jelleşme özellikleri, yüzey davranış özellikleri ve bunların bir sonucu olarak ise gıda sanayindeki geniş kullanım alanları açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır.

Van Gölü havzasının değişik yörelerinden toplanmış olan 95 fasulye genotipinin genetik akrabalık ilişkileri hem fenotipik hem de moleküler yöntemlerle incelenmiştir. Fenotipik yöntemde, 71 adet morfolojik özellik incelenmiş ve bunlar arasında yüksek korelasyon gösterenler değerlendirme dışı bırakılarak fasulye genotiplerine ait 61 adet ölçüm veya gözlemden yararlanılmış; moleküler yöntemde ise 28 primerden elde edilen 219 adet polimorfik ISSR belirteci ve 10 primerden elde edilen 76 adet polimorfik RAPD belirteci kullanılmıştır. Fasulye genotipleri arasındaki genetik akrabalık dereceleri, fenotipik ve moleküler veriler kullanılarak elde edilen değişik matrislerden (Öklid ve Jaccard katsayı matrisleri) dendrogram oluşturularak incelenmiştir. Fenotipik olarak incelenen genotiplerin %69,5’inin Güney Amerika (Andean) ve %30,5’inin Orta Amerika (Mesoamerican) orijinli olduğu ve genotipler arasında yüksek genetik çeşitliliğin olduğu saptanmıştır. Fenotipik ve moleküler verilerin birlikte incelenmesi sonucunda, Güney Amerika ve Orta Amerika orijinli genotiplerin; bodur ve sırık genotiplerin; beyaz, diğer tek renkli ve çok renkli tohumlara sahip genotiplerin ayrı kümelenmelerde yer aldıkları gözlenmiştir.