Studies on colic, an economically important metabolic disease in horses, have typically emphasized maintenance characteristics. However, recent research has demonstrated that nutrient content also contributes to the development of colic. Microbial fermentation of the diet begins in the stomach and continues through the hindgut. During this process, various substrates are produced, including acetate, propionate, butyrate, and methane. The gut contains bacteria such as Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, but the dominance of one over the other is influenced by the type of substrate available in the gut, such as oat, barley, wheat, corn, etc. Microbial fermentation in the equine cecum is markedly influenced by the pH balance of the nutrient metabolism. This has varying impacts on the cecal microbiota. Investigations into the effects of different feeding methods and nutrients have yielded diverse outcomes for the etiology of colic and post-colic nutrition. The objective of this review is to assess the impact of nutrition and diet composition on the etiology of colic in horses, investigate the role of additives in preventing colic cases, and analyze the results of several studies.

In the present study, 47 PMEI type 1 genes and 57 PMEI type 2 genes were identified with bioinformatic analysis. The PMEI genes were localized separately on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21 and 22, but mainly at the level of the scaffold. The biological functions of the PMEI type 1 genes were found to be in the areas of biological regulation, metabolism and cellular functions. Their cellular localization appears to be associated with cell parts. For the PMEI type 2 genes, the biological functions were determined as biological regulation, metabolic and cellular functions. A total of 393 Arabidopsis miRNAs targeting 47 olive PMEI type 1 genes were identified. Two specific miRNAs targeting the OePMEI1-07 gene were found (ath-miR8168 and ath-miR774b-5p). For the PMEI type 2 genes, 269 Arabidopsis miRNAs were found, including 14 specific miRNAs targeting OPMEI2-02, OPMEI2-03, OPMEI2-27, OPMEI2-28, OPMEI2-29, OPMEI2-30, OPMEI2-40 and OPMEI2-54. These results suggest that PMEI genes in olives may not only play a role in cell development, germ cell formation and plant growth, but also play an important role in abiotic and biotic stress conditions in the olive.

A survey was conducted in three selected kebeles of Kombolcha Regiopolitan City in South Wollo Zone. The selected kebeles were in proximity to brewery factory, Ethiopia. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect perception data from purposively selected three kebeles and a total of 57 randomly selected dairy farmers. Data collected  were analyzed with a statistical package for social sciences (Version 20) and Microsoft Excel (2010). Smallholder dairy farmers had average herd size of 10.7 and 0.08 hectare total dairy farm per household. Average daily milk yield and lactation length of dairy cows was 10.8 liter/day and 9.5 months, respectively. The majority of farmers (59.6%) reared dairy cows with 50-75% exotic blood. The most smallholder dairy farmers satisfied their feed demand from the market and had a trend of providing both dense and poor quality affordable feed ingredients. Smallholder dairy farmers gave priority to feed different kind of cattle in the order of lactating cows, calve, pregnant, heifers and dry cows and used (100%) wet brewery spent grain as a source of dairy feed. Though, there was a brewery by-product supply deficit for  half of year. The majority smallholder dairy farmers delivered brewery by-product directly from the brewery factories and followed by wholesalers and retailers. The majority of smallholder dairy farmers (96.4%) stated that the brewery spent grain was fed and stored freshly using different conservation techniques, and the remaining stored in ensiled (1.8%) and dried (1.8%) forms. Smallholder dairy farmers had no brewery spent grain ensiling practice and feeding brewery yeast to dairy animals. Smallholder dairy farmers indicated that high price due to abnormal market chain and shortage of brewery spent grain supply were the major challenges to sustain dairy industry in the study area, and the majority (40.6%) claimed to get swift solutions at high cost and less accessible brewery by-product.

Many allelopathic crops are cultivated in agricultural fields, and these plants can influence the growth of other plants in the cultivation environment with their phytotoxic compounds. One of these plants is the faba bean. In this study conducted under the ecological conditions of Sakarya/Arifiye, the allelopathic effects of Eresen-87, Salkim, Bilecik, and Sakarya faba bean genotypes on weeds such as Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense L.), curly dock (Rumex crispus L.), purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.), and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) were investigated. Weed seeds used in the experiment were collected from agricultural fields in the Sakarya province. Extracts from dried plant parts of faba bean genotypes were prepared and applied to petri dishes containing weed seeds at concentrations of 5% and 10%, with four replications. At the end of the research, it was observed that all faba bean genotypes at all application doses caused a decrease in germination rate (%), root length (cm), and shoot length (cm) parameters in the four weed species tested. The best results were determined as Eresen-87 and Bilecik at 10% concentration. When the activities of fresh and dry extracts of faba bean genotypes was compared, it was determined that dry application had a higher allelopathic effect.

This study examines the problems arising from that the agricultural sector has become a significant employment area for migrant labor due to migrant migration. The presence of migrant labor in the agricultural sector has increased because of the cost advantages provided by agricultural operators of cheap labor supply despite informal working conditions. Migrant labor has crucial contributions to the sustainability of production activities, especially in the agricultural sector, where the local labor does not want to be employed. However, the perspective of local people toward migrants differs over time, especially due to different social and cultural characteristics. Since these differences are more noticeable in small settlements, such as rural areas people who are migrant to society or national identity become unwanted in the living spaces of local people over course of time, this study aimed to determine the perspective toward migrant labor and to evaluate the impact of this situation on the sustainability of production. In line with the results obtained, policy recommendations were made for the integration of migrant labor and the planning of agricultural activities.

This study aimed to show the effect of acetamiprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, on B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) gene expression, which plays an important role in apoptotic mechanisms in liver tissue. The study consisted of four groups in total, in which three doses of acetamiprid (5, 10, and 15 mg kg-1) were administered, together with the negative group, in which no substance was administered. Liver tissues resected from mice sacrificed by cervical dislocation after 14 days of acetamiprid administration by gavage were fixed in a 10% formaldehyde solution for histological and immunohistochemical analyses and blocked in paraffin after routine tissue follow-up, and sections were stained with haematoxylin-eosin and immunostaining. Histological analysis revealed normal liver tissue in the control group; whereas, sinusoidal dilatation, vasodilatation, and necrosis and steatosis in the parenchyma were found in the acetamiprid-treated group at an increasing rate depending on the dose amount. The immunoreactivity of Bcl-2 in liver tissue was observed in the sinusoidal epithelium. Bcl-2 immunoreactivity was observed severely in the control and 5 mg kg-1 groups and moderately in the 10 mg kg-1 and 15 mg kg-1 acetamiprid-treated groups. Bcl-2 immunoreactivity was observed homogenously in the region from the central vein to the Kiernan’s space. It was observed that acetamiprid used in the study showed a toxic effect on liver tissue, affected bcl-2 expression, an important biomarker in apoptotic pathways, and induced a dose-dependent decrease in bcl-2 immunoreactivity.

Since the ban on the use of antibiotics to promote growth in animal production in 2006, there has been a growing interest in alternative feed additives for animal production. Postbiotics, which have been utilized for this purpose in recent years, are highly promising feed additives that substitute banned substances like antibiotics. In recent years, there have been numerous studies on the utilization of postbiotics in ruminant animal nutrition. This article includes the definition of postbiotics, their properties, methods of obtaining them, and their potential applications in ruminant animal nutrition and health.

Bu çalışma, topraktan Fe-EDDHA, Fe-DTPA, Fe-HBED ve FeSO4 ile yapraktan Fe-DTPA, Fe-EDTA, FeSO4 ve Fe-Nano gübre uygulamalarının kivi bitkisinde demir (Fe) klorozunu önleme düzeylerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Topraktan ağaç başına 5 g Fe uygulanırken, yapraktan Fe-Nano 10 mg L-1, diğer gübreler ise 75 mg Fe L-1 dozlarında uygulanmıştır. Farklı dönemlerde (çiçeklenme, meyve tutumu ve vejetasyon ortası) yaprak örnekleri alınarak bitkilerin toplam ve aktif Fe, toplam klorofil ve bazı besin elementi içeriklerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, kivi yapraklarının toplam Fe içeriği çiçeklenme döneminden sonra azalmakla birlikte; aktif Fe ve klorofil içerikleri ile aktif Fe/toplam Fe oranının arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Yapraklar, Fe ve Mg hariç, tüm uygulamalarda genellikle yeterli düzeylerde besin elementi içeriklerine sahip olmuşlardır. Diğer taraftan, sırasıyla yapraktan Fe-EDTA, FeSO4 ve Fe-DTPA uygulamaları ile topraktan FeSO4, Fe-HBED ve Fe-EDDHA uygulamalarının kivide Fe klorozunu önlemede daha etkili oldukları belirlenmiştir.

Bu çalışma, Balıkesir ili kaba yem üretiminin ilin hayvan varlığının ihtiyaçlarına yeterlilik seviyesinin yıllara göre değişimini ortaya koymak amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. İlin toplam hayvan varlığı 2010-2021 yılları arasında %26,3 oranında artarak 549.432 hayvan birimine (HB) ulaşmıştır. Toplam sığır varlığı içerisinde kültür ırkı sığırların payı %74,3, yerli ırkların payı ise %6,7’dir. Kültür ırkı sığır mevcudu bakımından Türkiye’de üçüncü sırada olup, entansif sığırcılık işletmelerinin önemli bir bölümü bu ildedir. Bu potansiyele uygun olarak karma yem sanayisinde ön sıralarda yer almaktadır. Öte yandan aynı dönemde (2010-2021 yılları arasında) ilin küçükbaş hayvan sayısı %104,7 oranında artmıştır. Balıkesir toplam küçükbaş hayvan sayısı bakımından Türkiye’de yedinci, Merinos ırkı koyun varlığında üçüncü sıradadır. Daha ziyade koyun ve keçilerin yararlandığı çayır ve mera alanlarının, 2009 yılından itibaren hızla artan hayvan varlığının ihtiyaçlarını karşılamada yetersiz kalması ile küçükbaş hayvancılık da belirli ölçüde entansif ve/veya yarı entansif sistemle yapılmaya başlanmıştır. Önemli bir yem bitkileri üretim potansiyeline sahip olan Balıkesir’de, yem bitkileri ekim alanlarının tarla alanları içindeki payı Türkiye ortalamasının oldukça üzerindedir. İlin hayvan varlığının yaşama payı besin maddesi ihtiyaçlarını kaba yemlerle karşılamak için 2,5 milyon ton kaliteli kaba yem gerekmektedir. Çayır ve meralar ile yem bitkileri yetiştiriciliğinden sağlanan 1,3 milyon ton kaba yem, ihtiyacın ancak %51,2’sini karşılamaktadır. Bu nedenle yem açığı saman ve anız gibi besleme değeri düşük kaba yemler veya kesif/karma yem kaynakları ile karşılanmaya çalışılmaktadır.

Bu çalışmada Gümüşhane’nin Merkez ve ilçelerindeki (Kelkit, Şiran, Köse, Kürtün ve Torul) 97 halk çeşmesinden alınan su numunelerinin fiziksel, kimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik kalitesi incelenmiştir. Ayrıca numunelerde Cryptosporodium spp. varlığı konvansiyonel PCR yöntemiyle araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada numunelerin hepsinde pH,  elektriksel iletkenlik, nitrit (NO2) ve amonyum (NH₄⁺) değerleri içme suyu yönetmeliğine ve standardına (TS 266) uygun bulunmuştur. Numunelerin %16,49’unun bulanıklık değerlerinin yönetmelikte belirtilen sınır değerin üzerinde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Numunelerin %4,12’sinin sertlik değerlerinin Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’nün (DSÖ) belirlediği sınır değerin üzerinde olduğu saptanmıştır. Ağır metal açısından, 2 (%2,06) numunenin demir (Fe), 3 (%3,09) numunenin ise alüminyum (Al) miktarları yönetmelikte ve TS 266’da belirtilen sınır değerlerin üzerinde olduğu saptanmıştır. Mikrobiyolojik olarak, numunelerin %39,18’inin E.coli ve koliform grubu bakteri yönünden ilgili yönetmelik ve TS 266 standardına uygun olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Numunelerin hiçbirinde Cryptosporodium spp. saptanmamıştır. Gümüşhane halk çeşmelerinin bazılarının halk sağlığı açısından riskli olduğu kanaatine varılmıştır.