Ağır metallerin biyolojik olarak ıslahında alternatif bir çözüm olarak funguslar etkili bir yöntem olarak kabul edilmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, uzun süreli ağır metalle kontamine olmuş Samsun Organize Sanayi Bölgesi ve Adalar Orman bölgesinden alınan Pinus brutia ibrelerinde karşılaştırmalı olarak ağır metal konsantrasyonlarını belirlemek ve potansiyel biyoremediatörler olabilecek mantar mikobiyomunu değerlendirmekti. Çalışma sonucunda ibre numunelerinde Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Cr, Cd, Ni, Se, As, Li, V ve Co elementlerinin analizleri yapılmış, bu elementlerden Ni, As, Li, V ve Co element konsantrasyonları belirlenebilir limitlerin altında kalmıştır. Diğer elementlerin tamamında ise Samsun OSB’de elde edilen konsantrasyonlar, Adalar bölgesinde elde edilen konsantrasyonlardan daha yüksek seviyededir. Bunun yanı sıra metagenomik analiz sonucunda, Samsun OSB P. brutia ibrelerinde sırasıyla Aureobasidium (%27,5), Gibberella (%20,7), Cladosporium (%14), Articulospora (%5,8), Helicoma (%3,1), Alternaria (%1,7), Hazslinszkyomyces (%1,6) ve Lasiodiplodia (%1) cinsleri belirlenirken Samsun Adalar mikobiyomunda sırasıyla Phaeococcomyces (%22,8), Hormonema (%19,1), Aureobasidium (%13,8), Cladosporium (%6,5), Alternaria (%4,6), Neosetophoma (%3,1), Rachicladosporium (%3), Ophiosphaerella (%2,1), ve Phaeosclera (%1,8) cisleri saptanmıştır. Sonuçlar element konsantrasyonundaki fazlalığa dirençli olduğu bilinen taksonların ortamda dominant olduğunu göstermektedir. Gelecekte bu çalışma sürdürülebilir temiz bir çevre için ağır metal kirliliğinin biyolojik kaynaklar kullanılarak iyileştirilmesi yaklaşımlarına yönelik yenilikçi stratejilerin geliştirilmesine referans teşkil edebilir.

Bu çalışmada beç tavuklarına kapalı yetiştirme şartlarında uygulanan çevresel zenginleştirmenin besi performansı, kesim ve et kalite özellikleri ile bazı davranış özelliklerine etkilerinin ortaya koyulması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma, Yozgat Bozok Üniversitesi BOZOKTUAM Yerköy Hayvancılık işletmesinde yürütülmüş olup, hayvan materyalini 200 adet günlük yaşta beç tavuğu oluşturmuştur. Bu çalışmada, çevresel zenginleştirme uygulanan ve uygulanmayan iki farklı muamele grubu oluşturulmuştur. Beç tavukları her iki muamele grubunda da 5 tekerrürlü olarak altlıklı yer sisteminde yetiştirilmiştir. Çevresel zenginleştirme grubunda tüneme tahtaları, taş materyalleri ve yeşillik yemliği objeleri yer almıştır. Beç tavukları kuluçkadan çıkıştan sonra muamele gruplarına rastgele dağıtılmış ve 13 haftalık kesim yaşına kadar aynı kümes ortamında büyütülmüştür. Çevresel zenginleştirme uygulanan grupta daha düşük kesim ağırlığı gerçekleşmiş ve yemden yararlanma oranı 10 ve 12 haftalık yaşta kontrol grubunda daha iyi bulunmuştur. Kesim ağırlığı ve sıcak karkas ağırlığı çevresel zenginleştirme uygulanan grupta daha düşük bulunmuştur. Çevresel zenginleştirme uygulanan beç tavuklarında daha yüksek eşinme, koşma, yem yeme ve su içme, kabarma ve kanat çırpma ile tüy temizleme davranışı gözlenmiştir. Tüy gagalama davranışı ve yatma davranışı ise çevresel zenginleştirme uygulanmayan (kontrol grubu) beç tavuklarında daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Bu çalışma kapalı ortamda yetiştirilen beç tavuklarında çevresel zenginleştirme uygulamalarının genel performans, karkas ve et kalite özelliklerinde önemli bir değişime neden olmadan doğal davranışların sergilenme düzeyini artırarak daha yüksek bir refaha katkı sağlayabileceğini ortaya koymuştur.

Tissue monitoring generally includes the stages of fixation, dehydration, clearing, hardening (infiltration), paraffin blocking/paraffin(emmeding), sectioning, water removal, routine staining, and mounting. Fixation is the basic and first step in the microscopic examination of tissues. The histotechnical process, which includes components such as detection, tissue tracking and staining, basically aims to capture and visualize the state of the relationships between tissue parts inside and outside the cell and various cells at a certain time as close as possible to the living state. Maintaining the natural structure of the tissue is important for the follow-up phase. The main feature of a good fixative should protect the sample and make the macromolecules insoluble without changing the chemistry of the sample studied and allowing it to be examined as closely as possible to its living state. In histological tissue analysis including light microscope and electron microscope techniques, an appropriate fixation method is selected for each study. Detection solutions are classified in terms of content. The most commonly used fixative in light microscopic follow-up procedures is 10% formaldehyde. For the electron microscope, the gluteraldehyde-osmium tetraoxide binary is widely used for fixation purposes. Gluteraldehyde acts more slowly and is more expensive than formaldehyde. Formalin is obtained by dissolving formaldehyde in water. In addition, the fixed samples can be stored in the solution for months. With a successful fixation process, the structural properties of the tissue are preserved and thus it is possible to examine the tissue as closely as possible. Thus, better quality sections are obtained from the tissue samples taken. For this reason, it will be more efficient to interpret well-fixed samples by photographing them. In this review, which was created by using various sources, the elements to be considered for an ideal fixation were determined and it was aimed to provide an overview of successful fixation for light microscope and electron microscope.

Wheat, one of the world's most important agricultural products, plays a vital role in meeting the nutritional needs of our growing global population. However, arid and semi-arid regions face a potential threat from boron (B) toxicity. While boron is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development, its excessive presence can be toxic. It disrupts physiological processes, causing chlorosis and necrosis, ultimately leading to yield loss or plant death. Although B deficiency is a problem in the soils of many countries, Türkiye is one of the few experiencing B toxicity problems in its agricultural areas. This study investigated the physiological and biochemical responses of durum wheat to various B concentrations (0-20 mg L-1) under controlled air-conditioned cabin conditions. Durum wheat exhibited a decrease in chlorophyll content, phenolic content, and antiradical capacity at B doses exceeding 10 mg L-1. However, carotene content increased steadily with increasing B concentrations. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), increased up to a B dose of 15 mg L-1. Catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities increased up to 10 mg L-1 B dose but decreased at higher B levels. Proline content increased tenfold up to a B dose of 10 mg L-1, indicating an attempt to mitigate stress. Conversely, malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation increased continuously (approximately 150%) with increasing B doses, suggesting membrane damage. Despite being considered B-sensitive, this study demonstrated that durum wheat can effectively cope with B stress up to a B dose of 10 mg L-1 under controlled conditions. Beyond this threshold, physiological and biochemical changes indicate a decline in stress tolerance. Many osmoregulators, carotenes, alkaloids, flavonoids, tocopherols, phenolic compounds, non-protein amino acids, and several unidentified metabolites are activated to support antioxidant defense. The SOS pathway and the released ROS force gene regulatory systems come into play. Following these, the ROS released in the organism are neutralized, and ionic homeostasis and cellular stress resistance are achieved.

The aim of this study was to define the growth by using nonlinear functions in intensive feedlot system with XGBoost algorithm. To achieve this aim, five nonlinear functions were implemented. To implementation of the study, Brown Swiss (n=41) and Simental (n=95) breed were used. Each nonlinear functions were examined for each breed. According to the results of the nonlinear functions, logistic model was the best prediction model for defining the growth of each breed. In this study, the parameters in the best prediction model were calculated individually and the relationship of these parameters with body weight was evaluated with the XGBoost algorithm. Model comparison criteria such as standard deviation ratio (SDratio), Pearson’s correlation coefficient (PC), determination of coefficient (R2) and Akaike’s information criteria (AIC) were used to evaluate the XGBoost algorithm. In conclusion, the XGBoost algorithm can be an effective and optional approach that allows breeders to estimate live weight from growth parameters. This algorithm can operate on large data sets with high accuracy and speed, leading to significant improvements in agricultural productivity and animal health management. XGBoost enables more accurate predictions by analyzing the effects of various characteristics (e.g., nutritional level, breed, age). Therefore, this method can be used to determine critical parameters such as body weight in animal breeding practices, serving as a powerful support tool for operational decisions.

A cassava starch extraction machine was designed and fabricated to perform a quadruplet action of grating, washing, sieving and separation. The study was necessitated based on concerns that most locally manufactured cassava processing machines are without provision for the extraction of starch. Food processors mainly depend on the manual pressing of cassava to obtain starch and this has significantly increased the cost of the product in the local market. Materials for construction were locally sourced and the machine was powered by a 2 hp electric motor through a v-belt-pulley transmission system and operating at a speed of 547 rpm. Fresh cassava tubers were harvested from Ikot Akpaden, a rural community in Mkpat Enin, Akwa Ibom, South-South of Nigeria, and used for the experiment. Results from the experiment showed that the quantity of wet starch extracted increased from 0.64 to 1.48 kg as the volume of water mixed with 2 kg of the product increased from 1 to 5 Liters. The rate of water usage and throughput capacity increased from 0.0005 to 0.0025 m3/kg and 35.29 to 46.75 kg/h respectively as volume of water increased. The optimum machine efficiency was 74%. The machine was fabricated at a cost of N 150,200 (equivalent of $100). Minimal time consumption, ease of operation and low production cost were some of the features that made the machine economically viable when compared to other conventional methods of extracting starch from cassava.

Turkey has vast agricultural lands and diverse climatic conditions, and different plant species can be cultivated. Especially, Konya province, located in the Central Anatolia Region, is an important agricultural centre in Turkey. Konya province, which has a polyculture production pattern, stands out in the production of medicinal and aromatic plants due to its favourable climatic conditions and soil structure. In Turkey, 26.33% of cumin, which is among the medicinal and aromatic plants, is produced in Konya province. This study aims to determine the factors affecting cumin production. For this purpose, 65 cumin producers determined by proportional sampling method were interviewed. The data obtained through these interviews were analysed by using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to determine the weights of the criteria affecting the cumin production decision of the agricultural enterprises. In the process of determining the criteria influencing the cumin production decision, the opinions of subject experts working in universities, public institutions and organizations and producers were taken. Among the criteria determined as yield, price, labour requirement, water requirement, ease of marketing, mechanisation, input costs, cultivation knowledge, soil structure and subsidies, the most important criterion was found to be price with 28.11%. Price criterion is followed by input cost 22.57%, water requirement 12.13%,  yield 8.71%, cultivation knowledge 8.43%, subsidies 6.82%, ease of marketing 4.74%, soil structure 3.63%, mechanisation 2.54% and labour requirement 2.25%. It is thought that the solution of the mechanisation problem will make a significant contribution to cumin production as it will reduce the need for labour force.

The global population is increasing at a rapid pace, posing significant challenges to sustainable development and food security. This review paper examines the advantages and challenges of organic farming as a potential solution to address the pressing issues in modern agriculture and food production. Organic farming offers a range of benefits, including improved soil fertility, higher profitability, reduced external input usage, land reclamation, improved market access, and enhanced farmer capacity and self-reliance. Organic farming practices prioritize environmental sustainability by reducing chemical usage and reliance on biological methods of pest control, as well as enhancing biodiversity, which strengthens ecological balance and resilience against pests and diseases. However, organic farming also faces challenges that need to be addressed for its widespread adoption. These challenges include uncertainty surrounding legislative environments, psychological and sociological costs of conversion, financial risks during the transition period, securing marketing channels for organic produce, and diminishing profit margins. Efforts should be made to provide farmers with the necessary support, including technical assistance, subsidies, and access to markets, to overcome these challenges. Despite the challenges, the potential of organic farming in promoting sustainable agriculture and ensuring a secure food system cannot be overlooked. It offers a natural and environmentally friendly approach to food production, prioritizing the health of both humans and the ecosystem.

Plant breeding, often known as the science of plant development, is the study and practice of modifying a plant’s genetic makeup through a variety of breeding techniques to produce higher-quality, more prolific, and more resistant to harsh environmental circumstances. Classical breeding programs are indispensable techniques for increasing yields and improving plant characteristics, but they are progressing too slowly to meet the increasing food demand of the rapidly growing world population alone. Considering that the development periods of plants are generally long in traditional plant breeding, the opportunity to develop higher quality and more productive species that are more resistant to abiotic and biotic stress factors is very limited. Because there are multiple steps required in producing new plant varieties, including hybridization, selection, and testing, the process of creating a new variation takes several years. However, it is important to rapidly develop plant varieties with desirable characteristics to meet the increasing food demand of the rapidly growing world population, so the application of biotechnological methods integrated into plant breeding and combined with traditional methods can help reduce food shortages. Today, with the quick acceleration of biotechnology, molecular DNA marker technology has been developed in plant breeding and very important developments have been experienced. Thanks to the development of molecular tools for genetic research aimed at improving agricultural traits in plants related to crop yield, crop quality, or tolerance to adverse environmental conditions, we now have a much better understanding of plant genetics and the architecture and function of plant genomes. Therefore, it is of critical importance to revise current breeding procedures by incorporating molecular markers into breeding programs in the future.

Alfa S1 kazein (CSN1S1) ve CKLF benzeri MARVEL transmembran alanı içeren protein 2 (CMTM2) gen bölgelerinde meydana gelen insersiyon ve delesyon (InDel) gibi varyasyonlar keçilerde bir batında doğan yavru sayısını etkileyebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada ilk defa Kıl (KIL, 66 örnek), Honamlı (HNM, 74 örnek) ve Kabakulak (KBK, 70 örnek) keçilerinde CSN1S1 ve CMTM2 genlerindeki InDel varyasyonların belirlenmesi için toplam 210 hayvan Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu (PZR) yöntemiyle genotiplendirilmiştir. Her iki gen bakımından tüm keçi populasyonlarının polimorfik bulunduğu çalışmada CSN1S1 geninde bir batında doğan yavru sayısı için avantaj sağlayan genotip (II) frekansı 0,10 (KBK) ile 0,12 (HNM ve KIL) aralığında değişmiştir. CSN1S1 geni için en düşük ve en yüksek gözlenen heterozigotluk (H0) değeri sırasıyla KBK (0,53) ve KIL (0,65) keçilerinde tespit edilmiştir. CMTM2 geni için II genotip frekansı 0,09 (KIL) ile 0,29 (KBK) aralığında değişirken, HO değerinin 0,415 (KIL) ile 0,585 (KBK) aralığında değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Çalışılan her iki gen bölgesi içinde tüm populasyonların Hardy-Weinberg dengesinde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar HNM, KIL ve KBK keçilerinde CSN1S1 ve CMTM2 genleri için istenilen genotip olan II’nın değişen frekanslarda olduğunu ve yeterli genetik varyasyonun bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Bu nedenleCSN1S1 ve CMTM2 gen bölgelerindeki varyasyonların çalışılan yerli keçi ırklarında bir batında doğan yavru sayısının artırılması için yapılacak Marker Destekli Seleksiyon (MDS) çalışmalarında kullanılabileceği düşünülmektedir