Drying is the process of removing of the water that has destroying effect in food products by evaporation and. Research project on the basis of direct sun drying and solar greenhouse. Basic operations research in food engineering, food chemistry, food quality control and toxicology has been established over such a broad spectrum. Subjects of investigation were in accordance with all of the values of dry matter basis. The study of dry matter and water activity values of each product (aw), direct sun drying, drying in the greenhouse. It was determined comparing nutrients of samples those were applied directly to the greenhouse and drying in the sun. Sampling patterns of research were explained as follow; tomatoes drying in the sun (external environment), and greenhouse, bell peppers in the greenhouse and drying in the sun, soaked raisins (sultanas) and not-soaked (raisin), sun-dried, sun-dried fig products directly. Nutrients of the samples such as; lycopene, thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), retinol (A), Pyridoxine (B6), ascorbic acid (C), folic acid, magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu) were quantitatively determined. The red pepper products, dried figs and dried grapes mycotoxin amounts were in safe levels, which had not created any hazard and risk for health. Red pepper and dried figs, total aflatoxins, (B1, B2, G1, G2), ochratoxin A (OTA) levels in raisin in the European Union is set well below the limits in terms of human health hazard and the risk factor has been identified.

Tarımın finansmanda kullanılan temel kanallar Tarım Kredi Kooperatifleri, Kamu Bankaları, Özel Bankalar ve Üreticinin çevresidir. Üreticiler finansman kanalları seçmesi; iş tecrübesi, geleneksel davranışlar, eğitim düzeyi, yeniliklere açık olma ve ekonomik gelişmeleri takip etmesine ve tarım sigortası yaptırmalarına bağlı olarak değişmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Bafra’da faaliyet gösteren 153 tarım üreticisiyle yüz yüze görüşmeler yapılmış, mülakat ve açık uçlu sorularla veriler toplanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler sonucunda üreticilerin eğitim, yeniliklere açık olma ve ekonomik gelişmeleri takip etme oranında artışın kamu kurumlarının dışında özel bankalara yönelmesi arasında anlamlı ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Kamu kuruluşları dışında finansman kaynakları kullanılması açısından üreticilerin; sosyal güvence durumu, tarım sigortası kullanma seviyeleri ile arasında anlamlı ilişki tespit edilirken; diğer yandan yaş, geleneksel davranışları ile değerlendirildiğinde ilişki anlamsız çıkmaktadır. Üreticilerin iş tecrübesi arttıkça organize olmayan çevresinden fon sağlama eğilimi artmaktadır. Üreticilerinin hem yeniliklerden haberdar olması ve uygulaması için hem de kendilerine uygun finansmanı yöntemini belirleyecek altyapıya sahip olabilmeleri için etkin iletişim kanalları kurulması gerekmektedir. Etkin iletişimin sağlanabilmesi için özellikle kamu desteklerinin artırılması ile yapılacak yayınlar ve etkinliklerle tarım üreticileri yanlış finansman uygulamalarından arındırılmalı ve mali yapıları korunmalıdır.

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were examined effects of apricot kernel oil (Prunus armeniaca L.) on the immune mechanisms. After Fish weight 40 ±0,03 g was intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection 1% and 10% apricot kernel oil (AKO), blood was taken from the caudal vein of anesthetized (50 ppm, benzocaine) fish. Myeloperoxidase production (MPO), Serum bactericidal activity, protein levels, Lysozyme response (LYS) and total immunoglobulin (Ig) were determined on days 3, 7, 14 and 21. The same strategy was conducted on a control bunch. No contrasts were found within the levels of immunuglobulin between the control and test groups. However, there were considerable increases in bactericidal activity, MPO, LYS, protein levels and important differences were detected between the control and experimental groups. AKO can be utilized to improve the resistant instruments of rainbow trout.

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effect of evening primrose oil (EPO) on some biochemical parameters on nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin (GM) in rats. The rats used in the study were randomly divided into 4 groups each consisting of 8 rats. The control group, EPO group, GM group and GM+ EPO group. The blood samples were taken 24 hours after the 8-day trial and kidneys were removed and saved for histopathological and PGE2 analysis. The serum creatinine, BUN, calcitriol, Ca, Na, Cl, K and P analyzes were performed via autoanalyser. PGE2 analysis was performed in kidney tissue via ELISA. Histopathological examination of the kidney tissues was performed. The levels of creatinine, BUN and Cl were significantly decreased and PGE2 and Ca increased in GM + EPO compared to GM group. The changes in the biochemical parameters examined and the histopathological findings obtained, it can be said that the EPO weakens the nephrotoxic damage caused by GM and has the protective effects on the kidney.

From all the pigments found in Spirulina platensis, phycocyanin has been found to have a diverse application in various fields, and has a high market demand, calling for a need to increase production and easy isolation methods. In general, phycocyanin production in cells depends on the light conditions, among other factors during the cultivation period. The focus of this study was to look at the effect of different light intensities on phycocyanin production in Spirulina platensis. Other cellular biochemical parameters, including chlorophyll content and protein, were explored under the different treatments. An experimental design containing 4 different light intensities of 20, 150, 300 and 600 μmol photons m2/s was administered with 3 replicates. The results obtained from the study showed that high phycocyanin content was obtained from a low light intensity treatment. Chlorophyll results were a bit in contrary to the results obtained for phycocyanin, with high chlorophyll content obtained in high light intensity treatments. Protein and biomass accumulation also followed the same trend, where they were observed to be higher in high light intensities, with the maximum biomass achieved at 600 μmol photons m2/s and maximum protein content achieved at 300 μmol photons m2/s. Due to the commercial potential of phycocyanin to humans, its low cost downstream cultivation and processing of Spirulina platensis will be of economic advantage to the relevant stakeholders to fulfil the rampant demands and affordability of the blue phycocyanin pigment to both first and third World countries, hence the need of producing phycocyanin using the modified Zarouk’s media which has cheaper if not affordable ingredients.

XIX. yüzyıldan itibaren endüstrileşme ve teknolojide yaşanan ilerlemeler ile iş imkânlarının şehir merkezlerinde yoğunlaşması, köyden şehre göçü hızlandırmıştır. Göç alan illerin başında Ankara; başkent olması nedeni ile ilk sıralarda yer almaktadır. Şehirlerde artan nüfus rekreasyon alanlarına rağbeti artmıştır. Özellikle göl, gölet, baraj ve akarsu kıyılarında rekreasyon olta balıkçılığı yapanlar hızla artmaktadır. Maddi ve ticari kazanç beklemeden, sadece spor veya dinlence amacıyla yapılan, avlanılan ürünün satılmadığı olta balıkçılığı, en önemli rekreasyon etkinliklerindendir. Bu çalışmada Ankara ilindeki amatör balıkçıların sosyo-ekonomik durumları araştırılmıştır. Amatör balıkçıların avlanma mevsimleri, avlanma saatleri ve süreleri, avlarının kendilerine yeterliliği, avlandıkları stokların sürekliliği ve avlanmada göreceli av miktarının durumu tespit edilmiştir. Yakaladıkların balıkların sağlık açısında güvenilirliği, avlanma kuralları hakkında görüş ve düşünceleri, amatör olta balıkçılığı belgesine sahiplik durumu, yasa ve yönetmelikleri denetleyen bir kurumlardan haberdar olup olmadıkları araştırılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarının, rekreasyon olta balıkçılığına gönül vermiş balıkçılara ışık tutması amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca bilinç düzeyinin yükseltilerek sürdürülebilir ve sürekli balıkçılığın sağlanmasına katkıda bulunacak bilinç düzeyi yüksek amatör balıkçıların sayısının artırılmasına katkı sağlanması da hedeflenmiştir.

Drinking water is the most indispensable substance for humans. Bottled drinking waters are preferred over tap water with the belief that they are more nutritious, better quality, more delicious and safe in terms of health. Therefore, the Turkish bottled (spring and mineral) water market has experienced a continuous growth since 2003, as in the whole world. This study focuses on comparing the common mineral cation calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) and sodium (Na+) content of twenty one popular bottled spring and mineral water brands marketed in Turkey by using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The average concentrations of Ca, Mg and Na analyzed in bottled spring and mineral water samples were found as 14.9, 24.1 and 8.2 mg/L and 147.9, 44.3 and 117.3 mg/L, respectively. This comparison confirms that bottled natural mineral water has better quality in terms of major nutrient minerals than bottled natural spring waters.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of hemp seed oil replaced soybean oil as an energy supply on growth performance parameters, carcass yield, liver weight, breast meat pH, and meat color values in quails. A total of 100 one-day old quail chicks were reared in two treatment groups for 5 weeks. The experimental diets were formulated as to contain 4.4% crude soybean(control) and hemp seed oils. According to the results of the present study, crude hemp seed oil replaced soybean oil in the diet was effective on finishing body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, weight gain and carcass yield. All of these parameters were lower than the soybean oil (control) group. Liver weight, and breast meat color values (L*, a*, and b*) have shown similarities between experimental groups. The breast meat pH value decreased significantly in the hemp seed oil treatment group compared to soybean oil group. Using hemp seed oil instead of soybean oil used in quail diets negatively affects performance parameters (except for feed conversion ratio).

The level of yield among sweet potato farmers is on a decline; low output and yield differences was observed, indicating the existence of inefficiency in production systems and variations in input utilization. Efficiency in resource use must be sustained in order to improve productivity and maximize farm output. This study therefore analyzed the technical efficiency of sweet potato production. Multi-stage sampling techniques were adopted in selecting 94 respondents for this study. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics and stochastic frontier production function. The socioeconomic variables of the respondents affected their farm efficiency and level of farm output. The estimated ratio of the L/R test was 0.579; indicating a goodness of fit of the frontier model and thus a rejection of the null hypothesis. The coefficients of sweet potato seeds (vines) (0.362) and labour (0.439) were positive and statistically significant at 5% level of probability, while the coefficients of farm size (-1.333), fertilizer (-0.452) and herbicides (-0.766) were negative but statistically significant at 5% level of probability. The inefficiency model revealed that the coefficient of farm capital (-0.172), education (-2.281), access to credit (-0.472), farming experience (-0.639), extension contact (-0.733) and membership of cooperatives (-0.396) were negative and statistically significant at 5% level of probability. The mean technical efficiency was 0.62 (62%) implying that the sweet potato farmers in the study area were not producing at optimal capacity. The constraints identified significantly affected sweet potato production in the study area. Subsidizing input costs; sensitizing farmers on appropriate farming practices, cooperative formation and efficiency in resource utilization; improving access to agricultural inputs, technology, farm capital, credit and extension services, market linkages, farm labour supply and the development of indigenous technologies in sweet potato production are strongly recommended.