Canary (Serinus canarius) is one of the most beautiful cage birds. They are small and delicate songbird species. Their origin is the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. They were first brought to Europe by the Spanish sailors in 1478. Than Britain, Germany, France, Netherlands and Italy were started professional canary breeding. The wild ones live in flocks, mostly on the edge of wooded lakes and creeks. While the color of canaries grown in cages is completely yellow, the wild ones are gray-green. Sound in the wild canary is stronger and more impressive. There are 3 types of canaries commonly produced. These are “Song canaries”, “Color canaries” and “Form canaries”. Nowadays they are often produced for their beautiful color and sound. This article gives brief information about canaries and to provide resources to enthusiasts who want to do produce has been prepared.

İşgücü, nüfusun üretimde etkin olan bölümüdür. Nüfustaki gelişmelere bağlı olarak oluşan toplam işgücü arzı ve ekonomik koşullara göre şekillenen işgücü talebi; piyasa oluşumunun iki temel unsurudur. İşgücü piyasaları; arz ve talebinin karşılaştığı, ücretin oluştuğu sosyal bir organizasyon olarak tanımlanabilir. Tüm piyasa yapıları içerisinde işgücü piyasası; işleyişi ve özellikleri nedeniyle ekonominin diğer birimlerinden önemli ölçüde etkilenen ve bunları yüksek oranda etkileyen konumdadır. Bu nedenle üretim sürecinde ve planlamasında işgücü piyasalarının detaylı analiz edilmesi gerekmektedir. İşgücü piyasaları içerisinde; ekonominin temelini oluşturan ve diğer piyasalara çeşitli kaynaklardan katkı sağlayan tarımsal işgücü piyasasının analiz edilmesine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Çünkü tarım sektöründeki doğal kaynakların ve sermaye unsurlarının kullanımında doğrudan işgücünün katkısının olması, diğer sektörlere kıyasla tarımsal faaliyetlerde işgücünün birim alanda daha yoğun kullanılması, tarım sektöründen diğer sektörlere işgücü transferlerinin gerçekleştirilmesi, tarımsal işgücünün gizli işsizlik ve yapısal işsizliğin kaynağını oluşturması gibi nedenlerle tarımsal işgücünün incelenmesi ve sınıflandırılması gerekmektedir. Ayrıca kamu kurum/kuruluşları için veri oluşumunda kullanılacak işgücü çeşitlerini belirlemek, güvenilir istatistiki verilerin elde edilmesine katkıda bulunarak planlanan projelerde ve oluşturulacak politikalarda doğru karar süreçlerine erişimi kolaylaştırmak amacıyla tarım sektöründe işgücünün sınıflandırılması gerekmektedir. Belirlenen amaçlar doğrultusunda tarım sektöründeki işgücü çeşitlerinin belirlenmesi, yapılan kavramsal tanımlamaların bir araya getirilmesi ve literatürde anlamsal bütünlüğün sağlanmasına yönelik olarak bu çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir.

The increase in consumers' demands for safer and healthier food has led to the development of many new products in food technology. For this reason, micro- or nanoencapsulation has become an important area in order to protect food components with functional properties against environmental conditions and to provide controlled release in recent years. As a matter of fact, many encapsulation techniques have been developed and many different active materials have been encapsulated. Nanoemulsions, a nanoencapsulation technique, are the process of encapsulating core material in two immiscible liquids. Nanoemulsions have higher stability and loading capacity compared to normal emulsions. It also increases the bioavailability of the core materials because of the increased absorption of the active material in the digestive tract. In this review, the required materials for nanoemulsion preparation, the nanoemulsification methods, and the studies on the encapsulation of various food components in nanoemulsions have been reviewed.

The major antimicrobial proteins in donkey milk are lysozyme, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase and immunoglobulins. Lysozyme has an important role in the host defense by way it inhibits the pathogenic bacteria. The aim of this study is to investigate the Lysozyme (LYZ) gene polymorphism in 82 donkeys reared in Thrace region of Turkey. 716 bp long partial 5’ UTR, exon 1, intron 1, exon 2 regions of LYZ gene were amplified and PCR products were analyzed via DNA sequencing. Three novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified as g.1782775A>G, g.1782924A>G and g.1782960T>C in the first intron of LYZ gene. The partial DNA sequence of LYZ gene in donkeys was reported in the present study and sequences of LYZ were entered to NCBI Genbank database with the accession number: MK984689-MK984692. This SNP may have an effect on immune system and milk traits in donkeys and additional studies are needed to confirm this assumption for donkey breeding.

This study aimed to reveal relationship between the extensiveness of trichophytosis on the body and serum zinc levels in cattle. This study was carried out on 92 cattle with trichophytosis and 50 healthy ones. Serum zinc levels of healthy cattle were evaluated as control. The cattle with trichophytosis separated into 5 groups according to diffusiveness of the diseases. Experimental groups of this study were designed as follows; Group 1: up to 1 cm, Group 2: 1-5 cm, Group 3: 5-10 cm, Group 4: 10-20 cm and Group 5: widespread on the body. Serum zinc levels measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped with flame system. In general, the mean level of Zn in trichophytosis groups (0.613±0.013 mg Zn/L) was statistically lower than healthy ones (0.900±0.017 mg Zn/L). A negative correlation was determined between the diffusiveness degree of trichophytosis and serum zinc levels (r = -0.772). Serum Zinc levels were statistically decreased from the control group to group 3. However, a stable course was observed from 3 to 5. Therefore, the value of group 3 (0.6 mgZn/L) was determined as a critical value for the cattle with trichophytosis. According to regression analysis results, it was observed that the extensiveness of the trichophytosis lesions affected the levels of serum Zn levels significantly (r2=59.6%). Consequently, serum zinc levels of cattle decreased in an inversely proportional manner to the diffusiveness degree of trichophytosis and stabilization was observed at the level of 0.6 mg Zn/L.

In this study, the microbiological quality of traditionally produced Bez Sucuk in Tokat and its vicinity was investigated. For this purpose, 30 Bez Sucuk samples obtained from butchers, producers of Bez Sucuk, were analyzed for total count of mesophilic aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts-moulds, total coliform, fecal coliform, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Cl. perfringens. Also, the presence of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. were investigated in all samples. pH and water activity of the samples were determined. As the result of the analysis, the counts of the microbiological parameters investigated were found as follows: total mesophilic aerobic bacteria 3.5×106-4.23×109 CFU/g, lactic acid bacteria 5.55×105-2.45×109 CFU/g, yeasts and moulds 2.50×103-6.90×109 CFU/g, total coliform

In this study, in vitro gas production values, gas production parameters (a, b, a+b and c) and organic matter digestibilities (OMD), metabolizable energy (ME), net energy lactation (NEL) contents, chemical compositions and feed values of different physical processed (raw, soaked, boiled and roasted) common vetch seeds (Vicia sativa) were determined by in vitro gas production technique. Rumen fluid, used in this study, was obtained by probe from one Holstein bull (seven years old, average live weight= 650 kg) raised at Research and Application Farm of Agricultural Faculty Atatürk University. Raw and treated common vetch seeds were incubated for 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 ve 96 hours for the determination of in vitro gas production values and gas production parameters in rumen fluid. It was observed significant differences among all of the common vetch seeds in terms of chemical composition (DM, CA, OM, CP, EE, NDF, ADF, ADL) values (P

This experiment was conducted in tomato field at Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU, Chitwan, Nepal) between October 2016 and May 2017 to evaluate effect of net house on invasive insect species of tomato moth, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). The trial was setup with two treatments inside net house and under open conditions and was designed with four replications. The adults of T. absoluta were observed significantly lower numbers inside the net house (1.41 adult/trap) compared to the open condition (24.84 adult/trap). The T. absoluta population increased with rainfall. The marketable yield was significantly higher inside the net house (100.91 ton/hec) due to reduction of damage to tomato fruit (4 ton/hec) by T. absoluta. The initial level of investment was found to be higher inside the net house when compared to open cultivation. In terms of economic analysis in long term aspect only, the net house is a suitable means of pest management against T. absoluta.

Processing of melon plays a significant role in the livelihood of rural women as it serves as their major occupation. Despite its significant role, the women processors were faced with some challenges. This study, therefore, identified the challenges faced by women in melon processing in Enugu-Ezike Agricultural Zone of Enugu State, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from 80 respondents using a structured questionnaire coupled with an interview schedule and analysed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that the majority of the women processors were advanced in age, well experienced, do not belong to a cooperative society, and relied strictly on processing melon as their source of livelihood. They had an average income of N286,400 (USD 751.71) per annum. Low capital, poor credit facilities, high transportation cost, price fluctuation, rapid deterioration, low supply of melon, poor storage facilities, high cost of processing machine, and breakage of seed were the identified constraints facing them. The study recommended that the women processors should form a cooperative society which will help in financing and easy marketing of their products. Also, the government should provide financial assistance, good storage facilities, and subsidized melon processing machine to increase efficiency.