The demand of consumers to minimally processed, fresh-like foods can be meet with the non-thermal technologies, because of the undesirable effects of conventional thermal process on the quality parameters of fruit juices. Decrease in nutritional value, loss of colour pigments and vitamins, formation of some flavour defects can be reduced with ultrasound applications. Especially the advantage of ultrasound which is protecting or improving the bioactive component content have increased interest in ultrasound in recent years. In this study, the effects of ultrasound applications on bioactive components of fruit juices were reviewed and evaluated separately as the effect on ascorbic acid, anthocyanin, flavonoids and carotenoid contents. The increasing, decreasing or insignificant effects of ultrasound on bioactive content of juices which were observed in researches might be resulted from the differences between juice matrixes as well as ultrasonication parameters. Because of this, investigating ultrasound technology in different juices and optimizing the ultrasonication parameters for each fruit juice are important.

In this epoch, the tremendous increase in the world population accounts for the continuous supply of foodstuff. According to the FAO report, the global population is probable to cross the 9 billion in 2050. With constant population pressure, we are going to face the challenges of food shortage globally about agriculture. The animal production field provides a major share in the supply of foodstuff to compensate for the stress of food scarcity. By adopting the advanced technologies in the animal production field, its productivity can enhance significantly. Innovation in technology has made work easier with the development of different software and the internet. Technologic development made farmers work more contentedly hence, ultimately amplifying the animal production, proficiency, profitability as well as providing a prompt way for livestock sustainability. The animal production consists mainly of 8 factors including 3 major (animal breeding and genetics, animal nutrition, and reproductive performances) and 5 minor (health observation, farm management, water, manure, machinery, environment control, milking automation and electronic identification). The use of advanced technologies in these sectors is found to be fluent by intensifying the ratio of sustainable livestock farming and the welfare of mankind in terms of food security. In this review, innovative tactics and techniques for animal production are potted with positive research results and their drawbacks as well. The use of innovative technologies in their respective fields is close to taking control of whole world manufacturing under its hand to accomplish the world prerequisite regarding food scarcity.

In livestock enterprises, with the developing technology, the use of automation instead of control with manpower has become widespread. With the use of automation, it provides easy and reliable production, healthy product, decrease of labor force, prevention of economic losses, periodic and systematic operation and keeping data record regularly. In this way, it is possible to evaluate all records of animal production in digital environment. Control element (PC, PLC, PIC, Microprocessor, Electronic Cards), Activation Element (Motors, Cylinders, motion elements, etc.), Process (Production, temperature, control, chemical, events, etc.), Adjustment in automation used in animal husbandry Element (Acceleration, Angle, Speed, Flow, Encoders, Force, Load, Price, Pressure, Temperature, Slope, Torsion, Vibration Measurement Elements). Thanks to the intelligent sensors and controllers of these elements, feed and water of animals are recorded from central computers in automation control. In the studies, S7-300 PLC was used to carry out the general operation and collect the data. In addition, SCADA is used for central system supervision and control, data collection and storage, irrigation and feeding, warning and warning for security. In this study, it is aimed to give information about the use of automation in industrial animal husbandry enterprises.

In this study, the effect of postharvest salicylic acid (2 mM), oxalic acid (5 mM), putrescine (2 mM) and calcium (4% CaCl2) applications on storage performance of Autumn Giant plum fruit were investigated. After applications, plum fruits were placed in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and stored for 40 days at 85-90% relative humidity conditions at 0.5±0.5°C. In order to determine the fruit quality characteristics after treatments, weight loss, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, fruit firmness, ascorbic acid, total flavonoids, total phenolics and total antioxidant content analysis were performed at 10 days’ intervals. According to the results, the effect of applications on weight loss was not significant. The maximum decrease in flesh firmness, titratable acid and ascorbic acid content during storage was determined in control fruits. Although fluctuations in the form of increase or decrease in biochemical compounds were generally observed, decreases occurred according to harvest value at the end of storage period. Considering all measurements and evaluations, it was determined that application of salicylic acid and putrescine had a more positive effect on preservation of fruit quality properties and biochemical content of Autumn Giant plum cultivar during storage than other applications.

Bu araştırma, farklı azot kaynakları ile yapılan ilave yaprak gübrelemesinin marul (Lactuca sativa L.)’da verim ve nitrat birikimi üzerine etkisini belirlemek amacı ile tarla koşullarında yürütülmüştür. Bitkisel materyal olarak bir adet yaz sıcaklarına dayanıklı kıvırcık marul (cv. ‘Bohemia F1’) çeşidi, yaprak uygulaması olarak da üre (CO(NH2)2), potasyum nitrat (KNO3) ve kalsiyum nitrat (Ca(NO3)2)’ın %0,4, %0,6 ve %0,8’lik dozları kullanılarak yaprak gübrelemesi yapılmıştır. Yaprakta toplam azot değerleri %2,20 (KNO3 %0.4) ile %3,00 (Üre %0,8) arasında değişmiştir. En yüksek nitrat birikimi 2610 mg kg-1 ile Ca(NO3)2’ın %0,8’lik uygulamasında belirlenirken, en düşük nitrat birikimi ise 2070 mg kg-1 ile sadece taban gübrelemesi (NH4NO3) yapılan parselde tespit edilmiştir. Farklı azot kaynakları ile yapılan ilave yaprak gübrelemesi sonucunda marulda en yüksek verim değerleri sırasıyla 4926 kg da-1 (Üre %0,6), 4787 kg da-1 (Üre %0,8) ve 4719 kg da-1 (Ca(NO3)2 %0,6) olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ancak, diğer girdilerin eşit olduğu araştırmada; gübre masraflarını dikkate alındığında karlılık analizinde ilk üç sıra diğer gübrelere göre düşük maliyetinden dolayı, ürenin farklı dozları ile yapılan ilave yaprak gübrelemesinde tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre; karlılık oranları da göz önüne alındığında üre (%0,6) ile yapılan uygulamaların hem yüksek verim hem de yüksek kar elde etmek için daha uygun ve önerilebilir ilave yaprak gübrelemesi olduğu açık bir şekilde söylenebilir.

This research was conducted between 2011 and 2015 at research field of Faculty of Agriculture, Eskişehir Osmangazi University for evaluating two tillage methods (conventional and reduced), three crop rotations (wheat-wheat; wheat-fallow; wheat-chickpea) and four N levels (0, 50, 100, 150 kg ha-1). The experimental design was split-split plot with three replicates. Tillage methods were in main plots, crop rotations in subplots and N levels in sub-sub plots. The N concentration of grain and straw harvested from aboveground plant organs was separately determined using by the Kjeldahl digestion method after the plant samples were ground. Then, grain protein content, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUPE), nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUTE) were calculated. According to results, effects of tillage methods on NUE were unclear. Conventional tillage methods resulted in higher NUPE than reduced tillage in the last three years of the experiment. The NUTE was higher in reduced tillage than conventional in 2011-2012 and 2014-2015. The effects of tillage methods on grain yield were different due to the climatic conditions. Wheat-chickpea rotation had the better results for examined traits in this research. Increasing nitrogen doses increased grain and plant protein rate, however it decreased NUE and NUPE. The effects of nitrogen doses on NUTE were ambiguous. Nitrogen use efficiency and NUPE is traits that can be differed according to changeable grain yield depend on environmental conditions. Therefore, the experiments should be conducted for more than four years for revealed absolute effects both soil tillage method and nitrogen fertilization.

In turkey, one of the most important problem of livestock’s production is insufficiency of quality forage crop, but still few forage species are cultivated. On the other hand, conservation of plant genetic resources has become an important problem in the world today. Indeed, biodiversity is an indispensable element of human life, especially food, and it is estimated that 20% of these resources will extinct by 2030. The aim of study was to determine some quality traits of white sweet clover (Melilotus alba Desr.) collected from natural flora of Bilecik province. In this study, plants were collected at the flowering stage and investigated of 17 genotypes. The determined quality traits of genotypes as fallows; crude protein, ADF, NDF, RFV, K, P, Mg, Ca and Ca/P, and these traits were noted as11.99-21.07%, 27.70-40.53%, 43.31-55.84%, 93.44-147.02, 1.300-2.807%, 0.187-0.310%, 0.127-0.350%, 0.490-1.417% and 2.05-5.92%, respectively. As a result of the study, it has been determined that the quality of the white sweet clover genotypes collected from Bilecik natural flora have been sufficient for animal feeding and have a significant potential for future breeding activities.

The belief that ancient wheat is more beneficial than common wheat has been growing trend in recent years among the consumers. The present study aims to compare bioactive peptide, allergen peptide and toxic peptide generation after gastrointestinal digestion of modern wheat (Triticum aestivum) and ancient wheat, einkorn (Triticum monococcum var. monococcum), using in silico tools. The primary sequences of both kinds of wheat were obtained from BIOPEP-UWM and UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot database. In silico digestion was applied using BIOPEP-UWM online tool. For the simulation of gastrointestinal digestion pepsin (pH 1.3) (EC 3.4.23.1), trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4), and chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) were selected and analyzed. Homology analysis was performed for each protein sequences using EMBOSS Needle program. Toxic and allergen peptides were predicted using ToxinPred online tool and Allergen FP v.1.0. The results showed that einkorn and common wheat proteins exhibited similar properties including high similarity rate (58.72-87.40%) indicating the percentage of matches between the two sequences and the identical bioactivities for peptides generated after digestion. Most of the bioactive peptides were dipeptides and the majority of them displayed more than one bioactivities including ACE inhibitory, DPP IV inhibitory or antioxidant activity, etc. Allergen peptides generated after in silico digestion were found to be similar for both kinds of wheat. In silico gastric digestion of einkorn and wheat caused toxic peptides production, but they were disappeared after in silico intestinal digestion. In conclusion, although there is a perception related to the Einkorn that is healthier than common wheat, in silico digestion of common wheat and einkorn did not support this perception.

In the study, which is conducted in mountain villages of Mersin province, 99 people selected by simple random sampling method. The data were collected by face to face interviewed. 64.6% of the individuals were male, 35.4% female and 35.4% had a primary school diploma. The average household width was 2.38 and the average age was 50.32. Small ruminant and beekeeping activities are the main source of livelihood for individuals who lives in mountain villages, but also they are benefiting from forest products. As forest products, medicinal aromatic plants such as centaury, thyme, rosehip, mushrooms, blackberries, carob, and straw are used. Men work more intensively in jobs such as wood, timber and resin, which require heavy labour, while products such as centaurs, blackberries and rosehips are collected by women. Individuals' perceptions of forest and forest products do not change according to gender, age and education level. This is because they need the forest and its’ products to maintain their lives. In general, it is determined that the population living in the mountain villages live a life based on forest and forest products. In this context, protection of forest areas in the region is very important both for the prevention of environmental damage and for the people of the region. In addition to individual awareness, support should be provided by the relevant ministries on the use and protection of forests and products. The aim of this study was to identify the use of forest products and opinion about forest who lives in mountain villages of Mersin.

Bu çalışma, farklı mikoriza türleri aşılaması ile birlikte farklı dozlarda kompost ve fosfat kayacı uygulamalarının sorgum bitkisinin gelişimi ve besin elementleri alımına olan etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Denemede kompost dozları 0, 20, 40 g kompost/kg toprak, fosfat kayacı dozları 0, 2, 4 g fosfat kayacı/kg toprak olarak uygulanmış, mikoriza türleri olarak; Funnelformis mosseae, F. caledonius, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Rhizophagus clarus, doğal ve kokteyl (karışım) kullanılmıştır. Hasat sonunda kök ve kök üstü aksam kuru madde üretimleri, fosfor (P) ve çinko (Zn) konsantrasyonları ve mikorizal kök infeksiyonu analizleri yapılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre, mikoriza aşılaması sorgum bitkisinin kök ve kök üstü aksam kuru madde üretimine, P, Zn ve kök infeksiyonuna fosfat kayacı ve kompost uygulamalarına göre daha fazla oranda etki etmiştir. En etkili mikoriza türü olarak F. caledonius ön plana çıkmaktadır. Kompost uygulamalarında 20 ve 40 g/kg toprak doz uygulamaları etkin bulunur iken, fosfat kayacında ise yetiştirme süresinin kısalığı nedeniyle fosfat kayacının yeterince çözünemediği kanısına varılmıştır.