Poor seed germination obstructs the early and uniform seedling emergence at the sub-optimal conditions which can be a major setback to early spring cucumber growers. Different seed priming methods ought to be efficient solutions for the problem. To standardize the best priming method, an experiment was laid out in a Completely randomized design at the Horticulture lab of IAAS, Lamjung Campus. The treatment consisted of demineralized distilled water (hydropriming), hormonal priming (GA3 100ppm and GA3 200 ppm), halopriming (NaCl 0.5% and KNO3 0.5%), and non-primed seeds as control. The seeds were soaked in the respective treatment for 24 hours and then dried to initial moisture content under shade conditions. Observation recorded significantly highest germination percentage in GA3 100ppm (19.25%) and hydro priming (19.25%). The lowest mean germination time was found in GA3 100ppm (4.19days) which was significantly at par with GA3 200ppm (4.33days) and hydro priming (4.48days). The germination energy was found highest in GA3 100ppm (39.58) followed by GA3 200ppm (33.65) and dry weight was recorded highest in hydropriming (0.0252g) followed by GA3 100ppm (0.0250g) whereas the highest root length was observed in KNO3 priming (12.955cm) which is statistically at par with hydropriming (11.42cm), GA3 200 ppm (10.872cm) and NaCl priming (10.42cm). The plumule length was observed highest in KNO3 (13.00cm) followed by NaCl (11.25cm). All primed seeds showed increased seedling vigor compared to the unprimed seeds. The study showed that applied treatment notably increased the germination characteristics and seedling stand.

This study was carried out to determine the effect of adding ginger powder at different levels (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0%) to the ration on performance, blood parameters and meat quality characteristics of male Japanese quails. 48 male Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) at 28 days of age were used in the study. The experiment was carried out for 21 days in 4 replications in a quail cage with 12 male Japanese quails in each of 4 treatment groups consisting of rations containing different levels of ginger powder. At the end of the experiment, the effects of adding different levels of ginger powder to male quail diets on the performance and serum parameters studied were statistically insignificant. Pre breast L*, a* and b*, thigh meat colours a* and b* values were not significantly affected by the treatments. However, pre-thigh L* values were significantly lower in the group fed with 2.0% ginger powder compared to the group fed with 0.5% and 1.0% ginger powder. Post breast b* value of the group containing 2.0% ginger powder in the diet was significantly higher than that of the group containing 0.5% and 1.0% ginger powder. It was observed the treatment group containing 2.0% ginger powder significantly decreased the pH value and TBA (thiobarbituric acid number) values at the breast meats when compared to the control group and the treatment group containing 0.5% ginger powder. According to the result of the study, it was observed that the addition of ginger powder to male quail rations did not affect performance and serum parameters, but the use of ginger powder at the level of 2.0% in the diet improved some meat quality characteristics.

Sweet sorghum, which is one of the bioethanol sources, has been increasing in importance in recent years. It is used in the production of bioethanol due to the high content of sugar in it. This study were carried out at Ege University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Izmir/Turkey on the experimental fields, two-factor coincidence plots were carried out in the form of a three-repeated potting experiment according to the trial pattern during the summer growth seasons of 2013 and 2014. Effects of different nitrogen (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 N ha-1) and potassium (0, 50, 100, 150 kg K2O ha-1) levels of on ethanol yield of sweet sorghum were investigated, in the experiment. In the study, some traits were investigated such as plant height, dry matter yield, silage pH, crude protein content. The results of the experiment revealed significant effect of different N and K levels on growth, yield and some silage quality parameters. Increasing N and K levels increased plant height, dry matter yield, crude protein content and silage pH compared to the control (N0-K0) treatment. It is concluded that sweet sorghum crop performed better in N150-K100 level and hence recommended for further studies to authenticate higher forage yield and quality in the agroclimatic conditions of Izmir.

Pesticides are commonly applied in market gardening to improve productivity and pest control. Pesticide residues could be persistent in vegetables and generate a potential health hazard for consumers. This study has been carried out in Tunisia to assess the perceived risk of consumers exposed to pesticide residues remaining in vegetables. Two surveys with different questionnaires were conducted among 30 market gardeners and 50 households located in the Djebeniana delegation (Sfax governorate, Tunisia) in order to analyze the phytosanitary practices of farmers on the one hand, and to better understand the attitude related to vegetable consumption and awareness on pesticide residues, on the other hand. The results revealed that various phytosanitary products have been used by market gardeners (43 commercial products containing 39 different active substances (AS)). Among these AS, abamectin and methomyl are considered as highly hazardous according the WHO classification. According to the behavior of pesticides in plants, more than half of the AS. (54%) are systemic and can be absorbed by the plant and moved around in its tissues. Furthermore, the majority of the surveyed farmers had never undergone agricultural training, which is a real handicap with respect to good phytosanitary practices. After applying pesticides, the pre-harvest interval was regularly not respected by almost half of the interviewed market gardeners. In addition, the study showed that all consumers washed their vegetables before consumption, but more than half of the respondents (54%) wash their vegetables for less than a minute (simply passing them under running water). In the light of these results, it appears that consumers may be exposed to pesticide residues from vegetables on the Tunisian market, with potential effects on their health.

Beekeeping, which can be established with little capital and can provide strong economic returns, is one of the important branches of animal husbandry. Beekeeping has an important place in Yozgat's agricultural sector with 411 enterprises. At the end of 2019, there are a total of 29,370 beehives in Yozgat. Honey production has been less than the general of Turkey according to the presence of hive. Achieving more efficient production is possible by identifying the problems in the current production. With this study, it was determined the technical and socio-cultural structures of the existing beekeeping enterprises in Yozgat city center and its districts through a survey study. For this purpose, information about the enterprises was obtained from the Yozgat Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry and the Yozgat Beekeepers' Association. A sample of 135 beekeepers was created by examining the data of a total of 411 beekeepers. The survey was conducted with these selected beekeepers. According to the findings, a statistically significant difference was found between beekeeper groups in terms of experience of breeders, ownership of land and honey yield. Therefore, it can be said that the scale of the enterprise has grown in parallel with the increase in the experience of the breeders. Similarly, property land assets increase according to the scale of the enterprise. On the other hand, it is observed that honey yield decreases with the increase in scale in beekeeping enterprises. This means that the efficiency of the enterprises in Yozgat province decreases with the scale growth.

In this experiment the effects of different root weights (50-99, 100-149, 150-199, 200-250 g) and increasing doses of boron application to soil (0, 100, 200, 300 g/da) on plant, siliqua, characteristics, and seed yield, germination and emergence in radish were investigated. In this research ‘‘Ç.Ü. Seleksiyon No:2’ radish genotype was used as plant material which developed by selection breeding method at Cukurova University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture. The experiment was carried out in open field and greenhouse conditions in 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. Radish roots were grown in an open field. Roots harvested for seed production were classified according to their weight and transferred to pots in the greenhouse. In this study, plant length (cm) plant diameter (mm), number of leaves (number/plant), number of siliquas (number/plant), siliqua length and width (mm), number of seeds (number/siliqua), 1000 seed weight (g), seed yield (g/plant), seed germination (%) and seed emergency (%) were analysed. According to the results of the two-year research, positive effects of increasing root weight were observed on the parameters measured in the plants, while the application of boron at different doses was found to be significant only in terms of the number of leaves. In terms of siliqua and seed characteristics, it was revealed that the increase in the root weight and applied boron dose was not effective except the increase in seed yield. Although seed germination was not affected by the applications, the best results were obtained from the application of 200 g/da boron at seedling emergence.

Goat milk has a great importance for human nutrition considering its nutrient content. In addition, the demand for goat milk and products derived from goat milk has increased in recent years. However, the microbiological properties of milk can directly affect human health. In this study, it was aimed to determine the nutrient content and some microbiological properties of goat milk obtained from different farms. In the study, hand milking farms were determined. After milking, a sufficient amount of milk sample was taken and brought to the laboratory at +4°C. In the milk samples, the composition of the milk, the total number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, the number of yeast-mold and coliform bacteria were determined. The highest protein, lactose and solids ratio (%) was obtained in milk samples taken from farms 2 and 4. The highest fat content in milk was determined in the sample taken from farm 4. It was observed that the milks of farms 2, 3 and 4 had similar mineral substance amounts. Total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (PCA) count (191×104), yeast-mold (PDA) count (42×103) and coliform bacteria (VRBA) count (710×102) were determined in farm 2. As a result, in terms of some milk components were determined statistical differences between farms. The main difference is in terms of milk hygiene. However, it was determined that the milk showed significant changes in terms of microbiological properties according to the farms from which they were obtained. It can also be said that these changes may affect the health of people who directly or indirectly consume these milks.

The objective of the present study is to determine the microbiological quality of Merguez-type sausages prepared and sold locally from meat offal and to study the antibacterial activity of fresh garlic (Allium sativum) during conservation at 4 °C. Thus, fifteen representative samples of sausages are taken randomly from several butcher's shops in the commune of BBA, Algeria, then subjected to a bacteriological examination with reference to the standards established by the Algerian Ministry of Public Health. Bacteriological analysis revealed the presence of 6.88 105 CFU.g-1 of total aerobic bacteria, 5.39 105 CFU.g-1 of total coliforms, 2.23 105 CFU.g-1 of fecal coliforms, 2.43 103 CFU.g-1 of Escherichia coli and 1.8 105 CFU.g-1 of coagulase positive staphylococci, values higher than Algerian standards. The Addition of fresh garlic as an antibacterial preservative at concentrations of 0.06, 0.12, 0.18 and 0.24g.g-1 to ground beef samples and stored in the refrigerator at 4 °C for 15 days. The addition of garlic to Merguez reduced significantly the presence of different bacterial groups during their refrigerated storage, compared to untreated meat by bringing it below the standards defined in the material. Thus, the use of garlic as a food additive at a concentration of 0.12 g.g-1 was sufficient to obtain levels under Algerian standards equal to 1.8 104 CFU.g-1 of total aerobic bacteria, 9.48 103 CFU.g-1 of Total Coliforms, 3.68 103 CFU.g-1 Fecal Coliforms, 4.56 102 CFU.g-1 of E.coli 2.39 104 CFU.g-1 of coagulase positive Staphylococci. Through this study, we can conclude that adding garlic to Merguez reduces the aerobic bacterial load and thus increases the shelf life in a refrigerated at 4 °C.

In this research, it is aimed to investigate the economic performance of cotton farms and to reveal the profitability and competitiveness of cotton production in Founia district of Kita province. The research data were obtained from the questionnaires conducted with 55 farms determined according to the stratified random sampling method. Policy Analysis Matrix was used to determine profitability and competitiveness in cotton production. The results of the research showed that the farms in Founia county have an average of 10.44 da farm land. Gross production value per farm is $3519.89, agricultural income is $2197.42. According to the result obtained from PAM, private profit of cotton production in Founia district was 58.97 $/ton social profit was 1017.38 $/ton. Within the scope of the research, Specific Cost Ratio (PCR) coefficients of 0.77 and Cost Ratio of Domestic Resources (DRC) of 0.19 obtained from PAM were found. However, according to the Nominal Protection Coefficient on Output (NPCO) (0.30), Nominal Protection Coefficient on Tradable Inputs (NPCI) (0.87) and Effective Protection Coefficient (EPC) (0.20) coefficients, it is seen that the cotton price is lower than the comparable world prices and the producer earns less profit from free trade. Therefore, in the short term, incentive premiums, direct financial support, protection of cotton prices, good communication with farms and extension policies should be implemented. The increase in yield with the introduction of irrigation systems will increase competitiveness.The government and the Compagnie Malienne pour le Développement des Textiles (CMDT) should assist in the leasing and long-term purchase of modern farm machinery, which is one of the fixed capitals, in order to increase productivity.

In this study, the effects of hazelnut husk (HH), peat (P) and growing medium consisting hazelnut husk + peat (HH:P) mixture on the growth of lettuce and some nutrient contents were investigated. In the experiment, vermicompost (VC) was added to 3 different media at a rate of 0-10-20-30-40-50% by volume. The research was carried out according to the randomized plot design with 3 replications. According to the research results, the fresh and dry weight of the lettuce plant, the number of leaves and the length of the leaves showed significant increases with vermicompost added to the media compared to the control, and it was determined that 40% vermicompost application to hazelnut husk and hazelnut husk+peat mixture was effective. It was determined that the root fresh and dry weight of the plant increased regularly with vermicompost applications and when the root development was evaluated in general, 50% vermicompost application on hazelnut husk+peat mixture and hazelnut husk were effective. Similarly, vermicompost added to the media regularly increased the total N, P, K, Mn and Zn contents of the lettuce plant. Considering the effect of the medias, the macro element contents of the plant were found to be higher in hazelnut husk and hazelnut husk+peat medium, Mn content in peat and Zn content in the mixture. When the effects on the growth parameters and leaf nutrient contents of the lettuce plant were evaluated, it was concluded that the addition of 40-50% vermicompost to hazelnut husk and hazelnut husk+peat media could be used as a seedling growing medium.