It has been determined in many research results that plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) affect yield, plant growth and fruit quality and play an important role. However, the use of biostimulants in agricultural production in Malatya is negligible. In order to contribute to the region's producers, a research was planned directly in the producer's garden in the Malatya/Arguvan region, which is an important melon production center. A trial was established with Arguvan (Narmikan) melon type and Kırkağaç 637 melon cultivars, which are the most grown local cultivars in the summer period of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in irrigated and non-irrigated melon cultivation in Malatya-Arguvan conditions, and the trial was repeated for two consecutive years. In the research, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megatorium, Enterococcus spp. and cocktail bacteria solutions, which are a mixture of these three bacteria were used. Inoculation of bacteria into seeds was done by soaking the seeds in bacterial solution for 24 hours. The effects of the use of bacteria on the fruit quality of melon in cultivation with the method of seed sowing in the field were determined. In the study, the presented of which are resulted in fruit only pomological porperties ; fruit height, fruit weight, fruit flesh thickness, fruit shell thickness, fruit diameter, seed cavity diameter, pH and WTSS contents were examined, and two-year results were presented. The effects of different bacteria on the fruit pomological properties were not found statistically significant except for the TSS values of Kırkağaç 637 cultivars grown under non-irrigated conditions. The effects of different bacteria on the fruit pomological characteristics of Kırkağaç 637 melons grown under non-irrigated conditions were found statistically significant, although there were differences in other parameters, it was not statistically significant. Bacillus subtilis bacteria application has been the prominent bacterial application in terms of fruit characteristics.

Cuttlefish are members of the cephalopod class, that die en masse following a single breeding season (monocyclic spawning). In line with changes in environmental factors, they spent their lives in coastal areas at a depth range of 0-200 m. Although adults prefer deep areas before breeding season, they migrate to coastal areas again for breeding activity and die as a result of natural factors at the end of the breeding period. Knowledge of the life cycle and especially the reproduction phase of their life is crucial information to be able to sustainably exploit these species. Even though the coastline of Turkey, due to the variations of the environmental conditions, it's known that there are differences in reproductive characteristics among the subpopulations of the species.To determine the reproductive characteristics of the Antalya Bay subpopulation of the species, a total of 516 individuals (247 male and 269 female individuals) were examined. The mantle length of the examined individuals ranged between 45 – 177 mm. By using the morphologic characters 4 stages of sexual maturity could be observed for both sexes. Within the scope of our study, the relationship between height and weight, gonad development status (sexual maturity indices) and the number of eggs in female individuals with biometric characters were determined for the population in the sampling area.

In this study, the morphological body characteristics of hair goats bred in Isparta province, such as withers height, back height, rump height, chest width and body length, were investigated. The animal material of the study consisted of 45 hair goats in 3 farms in total, in lowland conditions, high pasture and highland conditions in the center of Isparta. In the examinations, it was found that the measurements of the males were longer than the measurements of the females in terms of withers, back and rump height, chest circumference and body length, respectively. While the difference was found to be significant in terms of withers height, back height, rump height, and body length (p

Vegetable farming beyond the regular cropping calendar when supply is low and prices are high increases consumers range of choices and enhance profit. Nepal offers favourable potential for off-season vegetable production. However, inadequate approach to market and seasonal fluctuation of available vegetable creates difficulties in commercialization of off-season production. The current paper describes about what opportunities and importance do off-season farming has in Nepal and the constraints it has to encounter with. The cheap availability of labour, increasing interest of the government, and climatic suitability provide an opportunity for the farmers to make profitable income due to high prices during the off-season period which reduces the risk of failure of the farm, marketing risk, and maintains market equilibrium. Nevertheless, this cultivation system faces challenges of high post-harvest loss, poor implementation of policies, hijacked subsidies, inadequate irrigation facilities, and high pest infestation on-farm side and scarcity of cold storage, high transact cost, unmanaged collection, and market centers on the market side. Commercialization of off-Season vegetable production can create a better environment for income improvement and maintain market equilibrium.

This study aimed to investigate the presence of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in raw buffalo milk and buffalo milk products such as cheese, yogurt, cream, and ice cream by ELISA technique. In the study, 175 samples were investigated, and it was determined that 146 (83.43%) of the samples had AFM1 concentrations below the LOD (limit of detection) value. In 29 samples (16.57%), the AFM1 concentration exceeded the LOD value, and in 7 (4%) of these, the AFM1 concentration was above the legal limits (50 ng/L). While AFM1 was not detected in raw buffalo milk samples, the presence of AFM1 in cheese, yogurt, cream, and ice cream samples was found to be 2.85%, 2.85%, 62.85%, and 14.3%, respectively. 2.85% of cheese samples and 17.1% of cream samples were found contaminated with AFM1 above the allowed legal limits (50 ng/L). As a result, it was determined that the potential for exposure to AFM1 by consuming buffalo cream was higher than the consumption of buffalo milk and other buffalo milk products. However, the detection of AFM1 above legal limits in buffalo milk products poses a serious risk to public health. Therefore, it is extremely necessary for public health to develop effective monitoring programs to control aflatoxin contamination in milk and new strategies to maintain inspections.

Camels are known as "ship of the desert" and "beast of burden" and resistant to harsh climatic conditions. Their function has changed in the modern world and they have become a food source like other farm animal species. In the last 60 years, the number of camels, their meat and milk production in the world have increased 3.0, 4.95 and 5.0 times, respectively. In Türkiye, both Bactrian and dromedary camels are reared since F1 hybrid ♂ Tülü (Bactrian ♂ x dromedary ♀) perform better in camel wrestling, which is a unique culture of Anatolia. There are also a few farms aiming to produce camel milk and rearing young camels intensively in Türkiye. However, many practices such as calf rearing, insemination of cows, milking stimulation, milk preservation, milk quality control, milk collection and marketing and milk processing into the products are not as modern as in dairy cattle production. Although dairy camel farms in Türkiye have a higher milk production potential, since high milk prices lead to low demand for camel milk and there is only one camel milk processing facility to turn camel milk into products, farms produce far below their capacity. Processing camel milk into the products such as cheese, whey, yoghurt, pasteurized milk, kefir and ayran is still in its infancy. In conclusion, although the basis of camel rearing in Türkiye today is based on wrestling camel breeding, understanding of the benefits of camel milk on human health and the increase in demand for camel milk products suggest that this situation will change in favour of dairy camel breeding in the near future.

Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is an edible wild plant that is widely grown in the world, including Türkiye. Purslane plant, which is an important component of Mediterranean cuisine, can grow spontaneously in nature. Stress conditions can directly or indirectly affect its growth and development in the environment in which it is grown. In the current study, stress conditions of soil organic matter content, irrigation water amount and irrigation water salinity were investigated in pot experiments. The experiments were carried out in a 72 m2 greenhouse established on the Dokuz Eylül University Tınaztepe Campus. From the variables, soil organic matter was applied as 1%, 1.8% (control), 3% and 5% on a dry weight basis. 15 purslane seeds were planted in each pot and left to germinate. Irrigation water amounts were chosen as 100%, 75%, 50%, 30%, 15% of the field capacity. The last variable in the application was determined as the salinity of the irrigation water; the conductivity of the applied irrigation waters were control (tap water-about 0.5 mS/cm), 4 mS/cm, 8 mS/cm, 16 mS/cm. All pots were prepared in four repetitions and the study was carried out with a total of 320 pots. Experiments were carried out for 90 days from the first planting. In the study, it was observed that the increase in organic matter increased plant germination. Statistical evaluation was also made and the effects of irrigation water amount and salinity were also evaluated according to principal component analysis. As the field capacity decreased, decreases were observed in plant growth, but this was mostly observed at 30% and 15% field capacity. The negative effects of salinity on plant growth were observed at 8 mS/cm and 16 mS/cm values.

This study was conducted in the Tolon district of Ghana to determine small-scale farmers' perceptions, motivation and problems faced by them in the adoption of agroforestry practices. Primary data were collected through a pre-structured questionnaire from a sample of 200 respondents who were selected using a multi-stage random sampling technique. Data analysis was done by using the percentage and total weighted score (TWS) method. Most of the farmers in the study area have a positive perception of the adoption of agroforestry practices. Crop diversification, high returns and risk minimisation were the major motivational factor, whereas small landholding size, lack of awareness and poor knowledge, poor market accessibility, lack of subsidy, credit facility, lack of good quality planting material and longer period for tree growth were the major problems faced by the farmers in the study area. Thus, the study suggested that farmers can be encouraged to practice agroforestry through improved agroforestry extension services, cooperative groups and distribution of quality planting material to farmers.

Dendrobaena veneta (Rosa, 1886) ( Annelida: Clitellata: Lumbricidae) is one of the most widely used compost worms which has; 50–70 mm body length,with striated red pigmentation and clitellum on segments 27–33.Thistaxon is now widely distributed all over Europe. The origin of this species is suggested to be in the East Mediterranean. D. veneta has been the subject of several cell-biological, immunological, soil and environmental studies. In this context, the main purpose and content of the study is to analyzethe bio- ecology, morphology and seasonal variation of D. veneta with the data which was obtained from the observations and examination scarried out during 2020-2022 in two different habitat locality in Nevşehir province.

In this study, it was aimed to reveal some viruses that are a problem in Dahlia plants grown for ornamental plants in parks and home gardens in Selçuklu, Karatay and Meram districts of Konya. For this reason, in the 2019 summer, leaf samples were taken from 152 Dahlia plants showing symptoms similar to virus disease symptoms such as mosaic, deformations, yellowing, blight on the leaves and stunted plants. Possible infections of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Tomato spotted-wilt virus (TSWV) and Impatiens necrotic spot virus, (INSV) on these leaves were tested by serological-based DAS-ELISA (Double Antibody Sandwich- Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay) method. According to DAS-ELISA results, it was determined that 46.71% of the samples were infected with at least one of these three viruses. In addition, TSWV was detected as the most common virus with a 38.82% relative incidence in the samples, followed by CMV (27.63%). Mixed infections of the viruses were also detected in the leaf samples tested. As a result of the tests, only CMV + TSWV double infection was detected in a total of 30 samples. On the other hand, INSV infection was not detected in any of the leaf samples tested. As a result of survey studies, the average of prevalence rate of virus diseases in Dahlia plants grown in Konya was calculated as 69.56%. Moreover, it was determined that virus diseases were most common in Selçuklu district (75.47%). This is the first report of CMV and TSWV on Dahlia spp. in Türkiye.