Asmalarda gövde hastalıkları (AGH) arasında, Esca sendromu (Phaeomoniella chlamydospora ve Phaeoacremonium oleophilum, Botryosphaeria spp., Eutypa lata, Phomopsis viticola, Cylindrocarpon spp.), Petri hastalığı (Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Phaeoacremonium spp., Cadophora luteo-olivacea ve Pleurostoma richardsiae), Siyah ayak (Dactylonectria, Ilyonectria, Campylocarpon, Cylindrocladiella veya Neonectria), Botryosphaeriae dieback (Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Neofusicoccum parvum ve Botryosphaeria dothidea) Eutypa dieback, (Eutypa lata ve Diatrypaceae spp.) Phomopsis dieback, (Phomopsis viticola) yer almaktadır. AGH enfeksiyonları kısa veya uzun vadede asmaların ölümüne neden olur. Global ölçekte, bağcılığın sürdürülebilirliğini etkidiğinden ve tüm bağcı ülkelerde hızla yayıldığından, son otuz yıldır asmanın en yıkıcı hastalıkları olarak kabul edilmektedir. AGH’nın kontrolünde sıcak su uygulaması (SSU), tarım kimyasalları ve dezenfektanlar kullanılmaktadır. SSU′na genç asmalar, dinlenme halindeki aşı gözü veya anaç çelikleri, köklü veya aşılı köklü asma fidanları ve Vitis vinifera çeşitleri farklı düzeyde hassasiyet gösterebilirler. Bu hassasiyet çeliklerin veya fidanların büyüdüğü mevsim sıcaklıklarından etkilenebilir ve uygulanacak sıcaklık aralığı, kontrol edilecek patojenlere göre değişebilir. Asma çeliklerindeki AGH′nı baskılamak için çeşidine göre değişen aralıklarda SSU′ları (30-45 dakika süreyle 45-54°C) önerilmektedir. SSU, asma çoğaltma materyalleri ile taşınabilecek filoksera, nematod ve fitoplazma patojenleri için etkin bir kontrol yöntemidir. Kaliteli bir asma fidanı, sağlıklı, ismine doğru, iyi bir bitki formuna sahip, iyi kaynaşmış, virüsler ve patojenlerden arındırılmış, çevresel strese maruz kalmamış olmalıdır. Bu derlemede, asma çoğaltma materyallerinin patojenik bakteri, mantar, nematod, fitoplazma ve filoksera enfeksiyonlarının kontrolünde kullanılan SSU çalışmalarının bir özeti sunulmuştur.

The Efficient Market Hypothesis received much attention in the late 1970s. Those early studies focused on examining the efficiency of stock markets, however since that time the researchers’ interest has shifted to commodity markets. The studies usually focus on the markets of oil and of agricultural products, mainly grains. The efficiency of soft commodities market is also examined but not to the same extent. Majority of investigations focus on single products of this category. Thus the aim of our paper is to extend the research and to analyze the weak-form efficiency of six soft commodities: coffee, cocoa, sugar, cotton, frozen concentrated orange juice and rubber. Data under consideration covers daily spot prices of the commodities in the period 2007-2016. Having calculated their logarithmic returns we perform the following statistical tests: runs test, autocorrelation test, Box-Pierce and Box-Ljung tests. As the results obtained are not homogenous, this opens a door to further investigations with the use of different methodology. / Synopsis. Hipoteza rynków efektywnych stała się przedmiotem zainteresowania naukowców pod koniec lat 70. XX wieku. Początkowo badania w tym zakresie koncentrowały się na rynkach akcji, lecz później zainteresowanie badaczy przeniosło się na rynki towarowe, przede wszystkim rynek ropy i rynek produktów rolnych, głównie zbóż. Efektywność rynków „soft commodities” także była przedmiotem badań, lecz w mniejszym stopniu, ponieważ większość z nich koncentrowała się na pojedynczych produktach. Stąd celem niniejszej pracy jest rozszerzenie badań i weryfikacja słabej formy efektywności dla sześciu towarów z grupy „soft commodities”: kawy, kakao, cukru, bawełny, mrożonego koncentratu soku pomarańczowego i kauczuku. Materiał empiryczny stanowią dzienne notowania tych towarów w latach 2007-2016. Po oszacowaniu logarytmicznych stóp zwrotu, przeprowadzono następujące testy statystyczne: test serii, test autokorelacji, testy Boxa-Pierce’a i Boxa- Ljunga. Otrzymane wyniki nie są jednoznaczne, co otwiera pole do dalszych badań z wykorzystaniem alternatywnej metodologii.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of inclusion of an organic acid and surfactant (OS) combination on moisture optimization and energy sparing in the production of pelleted compound feeds for dairy and beef cattle. The trial was carried out in two independent private commercial feed factories (factories A and B) producing cattle feed in pellet form. Each factory produced 21 tons of commercial cattle feed (7 batches; 3 tons per batch); factory A, a dairy feed containing 2620 kcal/kg metabolizable energy (ME) with 18.90% crude protein (CP); and factory B, a fattening feed containing 2550 kcal/kg ME with 13.00% CP. Batches for the treatment groups were prepared by adding 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kg/ton of OS (Fylax flow) respectively to these basal feeds in the mixer. The moisture retention capacity during pelleting process of all three OS supplemented feeds increased in comparison to the basal feed, whilst moisture content of the finished feeds and energy consumed for production decreased significantly. It was observed that increasing the OS supplementation to 1.5 kg could further increase the moisture retention capacity and moisture content in pellet production compared to the feeds supplemented with 0.5 and 1.0 kg OS, due to the lower power rating of the equipment. It has thus been concluded that adding 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kg of OS to commercial compound feeds for dairy resulted in a profitable production with good moisture optimization and energy savings during pelleting.

Con el fin de determinar el efecto que la aplicación de vinaza puede tener sobre las fracciones de fósforo y su relación con la acumulación de biomasa total en maíz dulce, un experimento en invernadero fue realizado con suelos de los municipios de Florida (Inceptisol Typic Argiudoll con intrusiones Entic Dystropept) y Palmira (Mollisol Fluventic Haplustoll) en el Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar, con cuatro tratamientos y cinco repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron aplicados tratando de suplir los requerimientos de potasio del cultivo de maíz y se fraccionaron en dos épocas: quince días después de la siembra y antes de floración del cultivo. La evaluación de las fracciones de fósforo se realizó al inicio y al final del ensayo, lo mismo que en las épocas de aplicación de la vinaza. La aplicación del T1 (KCl 100%) en el suelo Inceptisol mostró efectos positivos en las fracciones inorgánicas de P disponible y moderadamente disponible. El T2 (100% vinaza) no presentó ningún efecto en las fracciones de fósforo. Las fracciones inorgánicas y orgánicas del P disponible y moderadamente disponible se incrementaron al aplicarse T2 (100% vinaza) en el suelo Mollisol. Para los dos suelos estas mismas fracciones mostraron altos contenidos y diferencias significativas entre muestreos, lo que indica una provisión adecuada en el tiempo de este nutriente, que resulta benéfico para cultivos de ciclo corto. En cuanto a la acumulación de biomasa en maíz dulce, T1 y T2 fueron los tratamientos que presentaron mayores valores en el suelo Inceptisol, sin mostrar diferencias significativas entre ellos, lo cual indica que la vinaza puede reemplazar totalmente el KCl. En el Mollisol, T1 y T4 presentaron los mayores valores de acumulación de biomasa total, lo cual prueba que es posible reemplazar el 75% del fertilizante de síntesis por vinaza, ya que no presentaron diferencias estadísticas entre ellos.

Con el fin de determinar el efecto que la aplicación de vinaza puede tener sobre las fracciones de fósforo y su relación con la acumulación de biomasa total en maíz dulce, un experimento en invernadero fue realizado con suelos de los municipios de Florida (Inceptisol Typic Argiudoll con intrusiones Entic Dystropept) y Palmira (Mollisol Fluventic Haplustoll) en el Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar, con cuatro tratamientos y cinco repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron aplicados tratando de suplir los requerimientos de potasio del cultivo de maíz y se fraccionaron en dos épocas: quince días después de la siembra y antes de floración del cultivo. La evaluación de las fracciones de fósforo se realizó al inicio y al final del ensayo, lo mismo que en las épocas de aplicación de la vinaza. La aplicación del T1 (KCl 100%) en el suelo Inceptisol mostró efectos positivos en las fracciones inorgánicas de P disponible y moderadamente disponible. El T2 (100% vinaza) no presentó ningún efecto en las fracciones de fósforo. Las fracciones inorgánicas y orgánicas del P disponible y moderadamente disponible se incrementaron al aplicarse T2 (100% vinaza) en el suelo Mollisol. Para los dos suelos estas mismas fracciones mostraron altos contenidos y diferencias significativas entre muestreos, lo que indica una provisión adecuada en el tiempo de este nutriente, que resulta benéfico para cultivos de ciclo corto. En cuanto a la acumulación de biomasa en maíz dulce, T1 y T2 fueron los tratamientos que presentaron mayores valores en el suelo Inceptisol, sin mostrar diferencias significativas entre ellos, lo cual indica que la vinaza puede reemplazar totalmente el KCl. En el Mollisol, T1 y T4 presentaron los mayores valores de acumulación de biomasa total, lo cual prueba que es posible reemplazar el 75% del fertilizante de síntesis por vinaza, ya que no presentaron diferencias estadísticas entre ellos. | In order to determine the effect that the vinasse application has on P fractions and their relationship to the accumulation of total biomass in sweet corn, a greenhouse experiment was performed with soils from the municipalities of Florida (Inceptisol Typic Argiudoll with intrusions Entic Dystropept) and Palmira (Mollisol Fluventic Haplustoll) in Valle del Cauca, Colombia. A completely randomized design with four treatments and five replications was used. The treatments were applied trying to supply the potassium requirements of growing corn and separated into two periods: 15 days after sowing and, before crop flowering. The evaluation of phosphorus fractions was performed at the beginning and end of the test, as in the time of vinasse application. The application of T1 (KCl 100%) in the Florida soil showed positive effects on the inorganic fraction of available and moderately available P. The T2 (100% vinasse) had no effect on phosphorus fractions. Inorganic and organic fractions of available and moderately available P increased, as did applying T2 (100% Vinasse) in Mollisol. For both soils these same fractions showed high levels and significant difference between sampling indicating an adequate supply at the time of this nutrient, which is beneficial for short-cycle crops. Regarding the accumulation of biomass on sweet corn, T1 and T2 were the treatments that had higher values in Inceptisol without showing significant differences between them indicating that Vinasse can completely replace KCl. In Mollisol, T1 and T4 had the highest values of total biomass accumulation, showing that it is possible to replace 75% of synthetic fertilizer by Vinasse because did not statistics differ between them.

The present study investigated the effects of two different zeolite applications and different nitrogen-based fertilizers on chickpea’s yield and yield components in dry and irrigated conditions. The field experiment was conducted during 2019 and 2020 in the experimental area of the Faculty of Agriculture, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Türkiye. The experimental design was a split-split plot with four replicates. The main plots were grown under dry-irrigated conditions. At the same time, subplots received zeolite applications (zeolite+- zeolite-), and sub-sub plots received nitrogen applications [control, traditional, chemical, farmyard manure, and Isabion, (an animal collagen-derived biostimulant)]. The experiment found that irrigation caused a delay in phenological characters but had a favorable impact on morphological characters and yield. The effect of zeolite applications was different in the first and second years of the experiments for the investigated characters. In the first year, the application of zeolite had a significant impact on grain yield, but there was no discernible effect in the second year. The experiment demonstrated that both chemical fertilizer and farmyard manure positively impacted phenological and morphological characteristics. In both years, the farmyard manure plots produced the highest grain yield. Farmers in Türkiye are advised to apply nitrogen to their crops as the profitability of chickpeas has risen in recent years. If the high cost of farmyard manure renders its use impracticable, farmers can opt for chemical fertilizer as an alternative.

Sideritis hyssopifolia L., perennial plant of the genus Sideritis, is also known as hyssop-leaved mountain ironwort. In its area of origin in northwestern Europe, it is valued as an aromatic and medicinal plant and used in the prevention and treatment of digestive ailments. It has been studied at Plant Genetic Resources Bank Buzău since 2019, being the subject of intensive acclimatization and improvement works with the purpose of obtaining new creations with distinct genotypic and biochemical characteristics. The genetic material used was from the centers of origin: Spain, Portugal, Madeira and Canary Islands, and the breeding methods were repeated individual selection followed by negative mass selection. In order to prevent the biological contamination of genotypes with foreign pollen, insulators with textile material were used. Cultivar G5, superior in terms of acclimation and genetic stability, also exhibited distinct phenotypic expressivity. At the same time, specific culture technology was developed with the aim of promoting it among farmers.