Wheat is an important cereal product because of its nutritional value, economy, culture, and history. Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) assumed as the oldest wheat. Einkorn locally called “siyez” has recently become popular as a super grain with the thought of being very nutritious in Turkey. In this study, the contents of macrominerals (Na, Mg, Ca, and K) and microminerals (Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) in twenty-one einkorn samples collected from different cultivation areas in Kastamonu were determined by using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry following microwave-assisted acid digestion. The results were compared with those analyzed in einkorn and other wheat types in the literature. Average concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cr and Cu analyzed in einkorn samples were found as 3712, 1303, 656, 53, 167, 34, 29, 0,7 and 0,6 mg kg-1, respectively. The literature comparison revealed that the investigated einkorn samples were richer in terms of Ca and Fe contents compared to einkorn, emmer, spelt, buckwheat, and durum wheat samples grown in our country and different countries.

Marine litter, which can be seen in almost all seas in recent years, is a serious problem for the environment. Similarly, the same problem also exists in Turkey's seas. This study was carried out in 4 different areas, each of which is 100m², in the Yumurtalık Fishing Port in İskenderun Bay. Marine litter was removed from the seabed by diving in these selected areas in April 2016 and June 2017. In the study, a total of 157.2 kg of rubber (49.5%), 118.9 kg of glass (37.4%), 21.61 kg of plastic (6.8%) and 19.94 kg of metal (6.3%) marine litter were detected and removed. It was determined that the marine litter extracted in 2017 was less by weight compared to 2016 (p

Tarım sektöründe lisanslı depoculuk faaliyetleri 2005 yılında çıkarılan 5300 sayılı Tarım Ürünleri Lisanslı Depoculuk Kanunu ile başlamıştır. Devletin desteği ile açılmış olup, yayınlanan yönetmelikler ile geliştirilip yine devletin öncülüğünde fiili olarak çalışmaya başlamıştır. Lisanslı depoların Türkiye’nin 2023 Stratejik Hedefleri arasında yer alan sürdürülebilir tarım yaklaşımı ile önemi artarak devam etmiştir. Türkiye’de son yıllarda sayıları artarak yaygınlaşmakta ve lisanslı depoculuk sistemi tarım ürünleri bakımından büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, lisanslı depoculuk sisteminin kuramsal boyutu ve Kırşehir ili Mucur ilçesinde faaliyet gösteren LİDAŞ’a hububat teslim eden üreticilerin değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini yörede LİDAŞ’a ürün teslim eden 70 üretici oluşturmaktadır. Elde edilen sonuçlar incelendiğinde, üreticilerin %61,40’ının depolama yapamadığı, %45,70’inin ortalama 1-3 ay arası ürününü LİDAŞ’da beklettiği, en fazla önem verdikleri destek aracının stopaj indirimi olduğu, %80,00’inin fiyatlama politikasından memnun olduğu ve %60,00’ının hububat ekiliş kararında LİDAŞ’ın herhangi bir etkisinin olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, üreticilerin diğer sorunları, prosedür kaynaklı sorunlar, analiz ücretleri, yükleme boşaltma ücretleri, depo kira ücretleri ve stopaj masrafının fazla olması üreticide olumsuz bir durum ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Destek miktarlarındaki reel azalış, çalışan personelle ilgili olumsuz düşünceler, depolama olanaklarındaki düşük kapasite ve depolanacak ürün yelpazesinin dar olması olarak ön plana çıkmaktadır. Söz konusu sorunların çözümüyle birlikte lisanslı depoculuk faaliyetlerine yönelimin artacağı söylenebilir.

In recent years, there have been unexplained colony losses around the world. Due to the decrease in honey bee colonies, many studies have been carried out to investigate potential causes. One of the main causes of losses is also insecticides. Insecticides used against harmful insects in agricultural fields affect not only harmful ones but also beneficial insects such as honey bees directly or indirectly. Honey bee losses are more common, especially where insecticides are used, and the immune systems of bees exposed to insecticides in these areas weaken; foraging behavior, the ability to smell and learn is impaired. In addition, it leaves residues in bee products such as honey, wax, pollen and bee bread. Effective and sustainable solutions are sought worldwide in order to cope with these losses that pose a major ecological threat. This review aims to reveal the current situation by examining the effects of insecticides on honey bee behavior and physiology.

In this study, the hypometabolism behavior, epiphragm formation process, and the mineral composition of the epiphragmal structure of the Helix pomacella, Eobania vermiculata, Helix melanostoma, and Helix asemnis land snails were investigated during the hibernation period. 100 snails selected among mature individuals, 25 from each species, were collected from nature for the research. The snails were placed in four 50x50x5 cm pans containing 20-cm-deep humus soil. Snails were fed with lettuce by free feeding until the hibernation period. Hypometabolism behavior of snails that had hibernated between November and December 2018, and January and February 2019 were examined as entering the hibernation stage, hibernation stage, and leaving the hibernation stage. The ionic concentration (Calcium, Iron, and Phosphorus) of the epiphragm layer formed during the hibernation process was analyzed, its formation duration, and its degradation at the end of the hibernation period were examined. In the study, it was determined that the weight before hibernation reduced by 18-22% in all examined species (H. pomacella, E. vermiculata, H. melanostoma, and H. asemnis). The highest values in terms of epiphragm formation duration (19±0.30 days), weight (0.41±0.26 g), and thickness (0.310±0.22 mm) were determined in H. asemnis. In terms of the ionic concentration, the highest Calcium level was determined in H. asemnis (29.96±0.12 mg/g) while the highest Phosphorus level (4.02±0.20 mg/g) was determined in E. vermiculata, and the highest Iron content was found in H. pomacella (19.50±0.33 mg/g). The degradation duration of the epiphragm layer at the end of hibernation was determined the longest in E. vermiculata (7 days) whereas the shortest in H. pomacella (3 days). As a result of the present research, it was seen that the epiphragm layer is important for snails in terms of a sustainable life cycle and that the ecological tolerances of snails depend on the epiphragmal structure.

In order to increase access to nutritious foods around the world, innovative technologies need to be developed and integrated into agricultural production systems. The new plant breeding techniques developed offer many advantages for making modifications in the plant genome. CRSPR/Cas9, one of the genome editing technologies, is an efficient system with high potential that allows the formation of target-oriented mutations in many agricultural products and allows the mutation of new and desired characters to be obtained through breeding programs without the use of foreign genetic elements. In this review, we have summarize the discovery, evalution, functionality, genome editing studies of plants and the strong potentials of CRSPR/Cas9 technology for plant breeding.

Tandojam is one of the main tomatoes producing city in Pakistan. Several tones of tomatoes are produced in the Tandojam each year. The main objective of the study was to estimate the intensity of tomato post-harvest rot in the vicinity of Tandjam, so curative strategies can be explored. A survey was conducted in the surrounding of Tandojam viz; Tando Allahyar, Sultanabad Vegetable Market, Tandojam city, Tando Qaiser, Bahawal Zaur, and Hyderabad Vegetable Market. A total of 20 tomato growers/farmers, 30 brokers, and 23 small shopkeepers were interviewed based on the proforma developed in the current study. The fruit rot infection among all 20 different fields ranged from 5 to 65% with 31.85% infected fruits by Alternaria. At Sultanabad and Hyderabad vegetable markets infection was ranged from 20 to 60% and 10 to 70%, respectively, with mean percentages 37 and 38.5% infected by Alternaria sp. Infection in small shops was ranged from 16.67 to 60% in Tandojam city and 16.67 to 53.33% in Tando Qaiser. The overall comparison revealed 30 percent infected fruit by Alternaria under field conditions, 36 percent at the vegetable market, and 43 percent at small shops level. Controlling tomato rots is a big challenge as the intensity of this disease is unknown in different regions. This research has significantly contributed to estimating the intensity of this disease.

Türkiye, bulunduğu coğrafik konumu ve arazi yapısından dolayı oldukça zengin doğal bitki çeşitliliğine sahiptir. Bu çalışmada doğal olarak yayılış gösteren Fabaceae familyasına ait endemik Astragalus vulnerariae DC. taksonunun yarı kontrollü serada ilkbahar ve sonbahar dönemlerinde çelikle üretimi yapılarak peyzaj çalışmalarında kullanım alanları belirlenmiştir. Bitki çelikleri köklendirilirken; kontrol grubu, 5.000 ppm ve 10.000 ppm’lik IBA konsantrasyonlarıyla üç uygulama yapılmıştır. Köklenme sonrası elde edilen verilere göre uygulamalar arasında istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir fark elde edilmiştir. A. vulnerariae çeliklerinde en iyi köklenme, ilkbahar döneminde, %60 oranında 5.000 ppm’lik IBA hormon uygulamasında görülmüştür. Hem estetik hem de fonksiyonel özellikleri ile dikkat çeken A. vulnerariae taksonunun peyzaj çalışmalarında, yer örtücü olarak kullanımı başta olmak üzere, kaya bahçeleri, çatı ve teras bahçeleri ve peyzaj onarım çalışmalarında kullanılabileceği belirlenmiştir.

In recent years, medicinal and aromatic herbs, which contain variety of antimicrobial compounds and have no risk to human health in terms of antibiotic resistance, are increasingly used as alternatives to antibiotics. In the study, chemical composition, total phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of essential oil and extract of Mentha x piperita L. growing wild in Eskisehir were investigated. Carvone (55.8%), limonene (12.8%), 1.8-cineole (8.7%) and trans-dihydrocarvone (6.4%) were determined as the main constituents of the essential oil, while the major components of the extract were carvone (56.4%), 1.8-cineole (14.1%) and trans-dihydrocarvone (8.4%). The total phenolic contents of essential oil (2204.33 µg GAE/g) were significantly higher than of extract (744 µg GAE/g). The essential oil and the extract were inhibited 84.08% and 42.59% by the DPPH radical, 91.87% and 48.40% by the ABTS radical, respectively. The highest inhibition zone was observed against S. aureus (23 mm). However, minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values of the essential oil were ranged between 2.5% and 10% (v/v), while MIC values of the extract were determined as 10% and >10% (v/v). The present study demonstrated that M. piperita could be used in pharmaceutical and food applications as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial substance.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Aspergillus niger strain and inoculum level on the nutritional composition of olive leaves. The experiment had a 2×3 factorial arrangement of treatments with two A. niger strains (ATCC 200345 [A] and ATCC 9142 [B]) and three inoculum levels (104, 106, and 108). Olive leaves were milled to 2 mm and fermented in solid-state by two different A. niger strains and analysed for nutritional composition. Crude protein (CP) was increased linearly as the inoculum level increased. Ether extract (EE) and crude fiber (CF) were decreased linearly in A strain or quadratically in B strain with increased inoculum levels. Crude ash and nitrogen-free extract content did not differ among groups. Strain A increased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) at higher inoculum level, whereas NDF was decreased as inoculum level increased in B strain. The lowest acid detergent fiber (ADF) was obtained from the B strain or 106 inoculum level. The results showed that the effect of two strains on CP and ADF changed similarly with increased inoculum levels. However, two strains affected EE, CF, and NDF content differently with increased inoculum levels. The optimal situations were 108 inoculum level for higher CP, A104 or B104 for higher EE, B106 for lower CF, B106 or B108 for lower NDF, 106 inoculum level or B strain for lower ADF. B strain at 106 inoculation level can be preferred to obtain an average CP and EE content and lower CF, NDF, and ADF content.