The aim of this study was to obtain an extract rich in bioactive components from yellow onion peels, which are generally considered waste material. Accordingly, a three-factor three-level Taguchi (L9) experimental design with three factors, namely ethanol concentration (A; 50%, 75%, 100%), extraction temperature (B; 30, 40, 50 °C), and sonication time (C; 10, 20, 30 min) was used to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction process of onion peel powders. Through Taguchi optimization, the optimum extraction conditions were determined as A2B3C2 to obtain the extract with the highest total phenolic matter (TPM) content and antioxidant activity (DPPH (%)). In addition, the extract produced under A2B1C2 conditions was found to be the richest in total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA) content with the highest level of color pigments. In order to determine the overall optimization conditions and to reduce the three-response optimization process to a single response, the simple sum weighting (SAW) method was used as a multi-criteria decision-making method. As a result of the optimization, it was concluded that an extract rich in bioactive components with optimal TPM and TMA contents and DPPH (%) value could be obtained as a result of sonication at 30 °C for 20 min to onion peel powders mixed with a solvent containing 75% ethanol (A2B1C2). The extraction conditions of bioactive components from yellow onion peels were successfully optimized by the Taguchi-SAW hybrid optimization method.

Bu çalışma Tokat-Zile kuru ve sulu koşullarında 25 adet makarnalık buğday çeşidinin verim ve verim özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla 2019-2020 ve 2020-2021 buğday yetiştirme döneminde yürütülmüştür. Denemeler, kuru ve sulu koşullarda Tesadüf Blokları Bölünmüş Parsel Deneme Desenine göre üç tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Çalışmada, birleştirilmiş çevreler (yıl, kuru-sulu) ortalamaları doğrultusunda incelenen tüm özellikler bakımından çeşitler arasında önemli farklılıklar bulunmuştur. Çeşitlerin kuru ve sulu koşullarda ortalama başaklanma süresi 153,8 ve 155,1 gün, olgunlaşma süresi 186,0 ve 188,7 gün, bitki boyu 66,2 ve 70,7 cm, metrekarede başak sayısı 245,4 ve 300,6 adet, başak uzunluğu 5,9 ve 6,4 cm, başakta tane sayısı 26,6 ve 29,7 adet, tek başak verimi 1,26 ve 1,48 g, bin tane ağırlığı 41,5 ve 43,4 g, hektolitre ağırlığı 80,4 ve 810 kg, tane verimi 252,8 ile 315,9 kg/da olarak belirlenmiştir. Sulu koşullarda elde edilen ortalama değerler kuru koşullardan daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Birleştirilmiş çevrelerin sonuçlarına göre çeşitlerin tane verimleri 220,2-351,3 kg/da arasında değişim göstermiştir. Araştırmada, başak uzunluğu ve bitki boyu bakımından Soylu, bin tane ağırlığı bakımından Şahinbey ve Ankara 98, hektolitre ağırlığı bakımından Sarıçanak 98, tane verimi bakımından Eminbey, Altın 40/98, Mirzabey ve Ankara 98 çeşitleri ön plana çıkmıştır. Tokat Zile yöresinde yüksek tane verimi ve istenen diğer özelliklere sahip Eminbey, Altın 40/98 ve Ankara 98 çeşitlerinin başarıyla yetiştirilebileceği belirlenmiştir.

The objective of this research was to examine the impact of fenugreek gum and eggplant peel extract on multiple characteristics of rice pudding, encompassing parameters such as total soluble solids content, pH, color, syneresis index, storage stability, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, flavonoid, and anthocyanin content, along with a sensory evaluation using a 5-point hedonic scale. Different concentrations of fenugreek gum (0%, 0.2%, 0.4%) and eggplant peel extract (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%) were prepared and incorporated into the rice pudding formulation at varying levels. Higher concentrations of fenugreek gum and eggplant peel extract in the pudding resulted in improved syneresis percentage (68.25±0.42%). This result shows reduced water release and improved storage stability. The addition of fenugreek gum also positively associated with increased storage stability, while eggplant peel extract had no significant effect. Furthermore, while the content of monomeric anthocyanins, total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity in the rice pudding samples increased with higher concentrations of eggplant peel extract, consumer acceptance scores were reported to be very low.

This study aimed to determine the structural relationship between internal and external egg quality (IEEQ) traits. In this study, 114 eggs produced from 24 weeks-old laying hens reared at the Ondokuz Mayis University Research Farm were used. Egg weight (EW), egg width (EWi), egg length (EL) and shell weight (SW) measurements were examined as external quality traits. Also, albumen height (AH), albumen width (AW), yolk height (YH), yolk weight (YW) and yolk diameter (YD) parameters were used as internal quality traits. Structural Equation Model (SEM) was used to determine the relationships between IEEQ traits. Data analysis was performed with the LISREL package. It has been determined that the variables that are important in determining the external egg quality are SW, EWi and EL. When the variables explaining the internal traits were examined, it was determined that the YW, YD, AW, AH and YH were significant. It was determined that the relationship between external egg quality and internal quality was 0.96 and external quality explained the internal quality by 91%. It has been determined that the SEM used in this study is sufficient to explain the relationship between internal and external quality.

Background: In adults aged 30-70 with primary and moderate hyperlipidemia, the present study took place to investigate the therapeutic benefits of a polyherbal unani preparation called Garlitab. Methods: It was a prospective open label, herbal coded test drug-controlled, randomized trial. Out of total screened patients we were enrolled 212 hyperlipidemic patients of 30–70 years in the study fulfilling the inclusion criteria, we were recruited them from OPD of a hospital in Munshiganj and different Unani clinics of Dhaka, Bangladesh after obtaining written informed consent from the patients. Selected individuals were allocated into two groups at random. Group1 Received 500 mg Garlitab tablets twice daily and Group 2 received tablet atorvastatin calcium 10 mg 2 times daily. Height, weight, and blood pressure were recorded along with blood samples. The random distributions were carried out by a research assistant utilizing a random numbers table. Blood samples were taken at the beginning of the trial, 1.5 months later, and 3 months following the intervention. Results: Results for the test medication revealed a substantial drop in cholesterol levels between baseline and the data collected after three months and in case of male it was from 241.72±38.11 to 218.24±34.06 mg/dL for total cholesterol, from 198.27±30.57 to 173.54±29.34 mg/dL for LDL and from 280.78±85.81 to 207.07±51.40 mg/dL for triglyceride. HDL increases from 33.05±3.21 to 34.69±3.13 mg/dL in male patients. The control drug atorvastatin calcium also showed a significant decrease in lipids between baseline and after 3 months data and in case of male it was from 241.92±31.54 to 174.90±22.87 mg/dL for total cholesterol, from 196.20±30.91 to 130.30±24.29 mg/dL for LDL and from 279.48±115.35 to 141.27±59.55 mg/dL for triglyceride. It increases HDL from 32.00±2.25 to 34.03±2.19 mg/dL in male patients. Between the baseline and the 3-month data, the test medicine for females significantly reduced total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides and it was from 244.64±52.18 to 220.12±45.07 mg/dL, from 200.32±30.57 to 173.54±29.34 mg/dL and from 272.32±99.69 to 195.25±60.68 mg/dL respectively. HDL increases from 33.77±3.36 to 35.03±3.23 mg/dL. Between the baseline and the 3-month data, the control medication for females significantly reduced total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides and it was from 247.74±37.95 to 175.26±29.54 mg/dL, from 197.65±27.89 to 130.91±22.04 mg/dL and from 271.57±94.52 to 142.00±50.88 mg/dL respectively. It increases HDL from 32.22±2.32 to 33.46±2.94 mg/dL. Conclusions: According to the results of the study, the polyherbal formulation Garlitab can lower cholesterol levels. It may be a useful medication for treating primary hyperlipidemia.

Kuraklık stresi, pek çok kültür bitkisinde olduğu gibi taze fasulye üretimini de sınırlayan başlıca faktörlerden biridir. Son zamanlarda düşük dozda gama ışını uygulamalarının bitki gelişiminin kritik aşamalarında kuraklığın oluşturduğu olumsuz etkinin elemine edilmesinde yardımcı olduğu bazı araştırmacılar tarafından bildirilmiştir. Fakat bu konuda yapılan çalışmalar oldukça sınırlıdır.  Bu çalışmada farklı gama ışın dozları (0, 25, 50 ve 100 Gy) uygulanan Gina ve Romano taze fasulye çeşitlerinde kısıtlı sulamanın etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Fideler iklim odası koşullarında 23 ± 2°C sıcaklık ve 16:8 ışık:karanlık periyodunda tam sulama [%100 (I1)] ve kısıtlı sulama [%50 (I2)] olacak şekilde iki farklı sulama seviyesinde yetiştirilmişlerdir. Çalışma sonunda gama ışını dozları ile kısıtlı sulamanın sürgün ve kök boyu, yaprak sayısı, sürgün ve kök yaş-kuru ağırlıkları, kök-sürgün oranı gibi fide gelişim parametrelerinin yanı sıra yaprak oransal su içeriği, fotosentetik pigment içeriği, lipid peroksidasyonu ve sürgün besin elementi içeriklerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada düşük doz gama uygulamasının kısıtlı sulama koşullarında çeşitlere göre farklı sonuçlar verdiği görülmüştür. Gama ışın dozları %50 sulamada Gina çeşidinde kök boyunda önemli bir etki yaratırken, Romano çeşidinde 50 ve 100 Gy dozlarının sürgün boyu ile yaş ve kuru ağırlıklarda önemli bir artış sağlamıştır. MDA içeriği her iki çeşitte de su stresinde 50 ve 100 Gy gama ışını ile birlikte önemli miktarda azalmıştır. Düşük doz gama ışını uygulamasının özellikle Romano çeşidinde daha etkili olduğu ve genel olarak 50 ve 100 Gy gama ışın dozlarının kısıtlı sulamada uygulanabilir dozlar olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Soybean is a nutritious crop commonly used for food enrichment due to its rich nutritional content and valuable functional characteristics. Soy products and also soymilk are potential ingredients for substitution of milk powder in food products with respect to providing high nutritious quality, lowering production cost and being an alternative for vegan and vegetarian diets. In this study, soymilk powder and soy protein isolate were added to milk chocolate to obtain a functional food product. Some chemical, physical and functional properties of powder ingredients were determined. Soymilk powder was found to have 44.43 % protein, 18.14 % fat and 6.06 % ash content. According to the chemical analysis, inactivation of 99.1 % for LOX-1, 100 % for LOX-3 and 98.5 % for trypsin inhibitors was achieved by heat treatment of 98 °C for 20 minutes. Functionality of chocolates was evaluated in terms of total phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity. The results were significantly higher than the literature data. Considering all results in terms of functionality, it can be stated that soymilk powder and soy protein isolate can be added to milk chocolate in order to obtain a functional food product.

Growth regulators such as Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) are generally used to promote root formation of rose cuttings. However, today, within the scope of sustainable agricultural practices, research studies of new materials and methods alternative to synthetic chemicals in the plant production process are gaining momentum. At the beginning of such alternative applications are plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and mycorrhizal fungi, which are increasingly used today, promoting plant growth. In this study, Bacillus cereus (ZE-7), Pseudomonas putida (ZE-12) rhizobacteria and mycorrhiza (6000 ppm) were applied to 12-15 cm long softwood rose cuttings. The softwood cuttings were kept in the mycorrhiza suspension for 10 seconds and in the rhizobacteria suspension for 30 minutes and then planted in the rooting medium. In the study, in order to determine the effects of applications on steel root development; rooting rate (%), callus rate (%), decay rate (%), root number (number) and root length (cm) parameters were examined. In the results of working; the highest rooting rate (19.44%), the highest callus rate (38.89%) and the highest number of roots (8.64 units) were obtained in ZE-12 treated cuttings. In particular, rhizobacteria application showed a high effect on reducing the rate of decay in steels. The lowest decay rate in the steels was obtained from the ZE-7 bacterial strain application (8.33%) compared to the control (38.89%). As a result, it was concluded that mycorrhiza and rhizobacteria applications can be applied to rose cuttings and these applications as an alternative to IBA in rooting.

The objectives of the study were to determine the aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) content in ınfant formula samples in Türkiye and to assess the risk of infants’ exposure to aflatoxins food contamination. A total number of 72 samples of infant formulas (premature, hipoallergenic, 0-6, 6-9,9-12 and 12-36 months) were analyzed for the presence of AFM1 using the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. 49% of the samples (35 samples) were contaminated with AFM1 and the group most highly contaminated with AFM1 was infant formulas 12-36 (8 samples) months. In addition, this study aimed at evaluating AFM1 levels especially above international (European Commission) (0.025 µg/kg) and local (Türkiye Food Codex Regulation) (0.025 µg/kg) standards and cancer risks associated with the ingestion of infant formula sampled from Türkiye. Five samples of infant formula had AFM1 concentration above maximum allowable concentration according to the standards. Risk assessments of AFM1 for infants ranged between 0.002- 0.035 ng/kg bw/day and >100.000–5263.15 respectively for Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), and Margin of Exposure (MOE). The riskiest group was determined in the 9-12 months samples. Results of our study indicate the high risk of infants’ exposure, who are at the early stage of development and vulnerable to toxic contaminants.

In recent years, intensive legal regulations aimed at the production of urban areas in Türkiye, the phenomenon of migration, the spread of higher education, abnormal cost increases in agricultural activities have accelerated urbanization. Parallel to the increase in the urban population, the food supply remains insufficient. The inability to increase the production of food products brings with it problems such as malnutrition, inflation, foreign trade deficit, food security. The natural areas harbored by rural and urban areas are shrinking and being destroyed by the pressure of rapid urbanization. In addition to the abandonment of rural areas, the food crisis that has arisen as a result of the intervention of the urbanization process in agricultural areas has increased the responsibility of the central government and municipalities. In order to meet the food needs of the population and implement sustainable agricultural policies, municipalities are taking different and innovative approaches. Municipalities are making direct and indirect attempts to provide people with cheap and reliable food. In this study, the activities carried out by the municipalities in Türkiye to support sustainable agriculture and their economic and social effects were examined.