The province of Istanbul, Şile District has a very advantageous position for beekeeping in terms of its geographical structure and vegetation. The main purpose of this research is to reveal some general characteristics of the beekeeping producers in the Şile District of Istanbul, to evaluate the use of chemicals, and to determine the problems in the production stages. In this evaluation on beekeeping activities, the data obtained through the questionnaire applied to 69 beekeepers in 36 villages in Şile Region were used. With the questions asked in this survey study, detailed data were obtained on many subjects such as the education status of the producers, their experiences, bee colony assets, honey yields, and diseases and pests control. The issues in beekeeping activities are discussed as education, queen production or supply, diseases and pests control. It has been found that the winter colony losses are quite high and the productivity is quite low in the region.

Iron (Fe) is an important micronutrient for plants, and its deficiency causes serious yield losses by inhibiting plant growth and development. Detailed studies have been carried out for many years on the uptake of available iron in the soil by plants and its transport to plant organs. These studies proved that Fe can be transported in chelated form with some organic substances including peptides and amino acids. However, detailed studies have not been conducted on the uptake of peptide- or amino acid-chelated Fe into the plant or its transport between organs. Few studies have focused on the oligopeptide transporter (OPT) and drug/metabolite transporter (DMT) families. The possible roles of the recently discovered UMAMIT amino acid transporter family have not been studied in iron transport in plants yet. In this review, the transporter families responsible for the uptake and translocation of iron were summarized. Then, the roles of the OPT, DMT, and UMAMIT families in transporting iron-peptide and iron-amino acid complexes were discussed in detail.

Tea is the most consumed drink after water as well as is one of the prevalent and the cheapest beverage which consumed globally. Tea is considered a healthy beverage due to the presence of several antioxidants and minerals such as potassium, magnesium, calcium & manganese. Different kinds of teas are manufactured in different countries based on taste, habit and culture of the people. Normally, tea can be categorized into three groups: green tea (unfermented), Oolong tea (partially fermented) and black tea (fully fermented) based on tea processing. Tea is a rich source of polyphenols and now-a-days interest in the possible health benefits of polyphenols, particularly flavonoids, has increased owing to their antioxidant and free-radical scavenging abilities. The rising demand of tea is considered one of the significant components for the worldwide beverage market growth. Tea industry makes a vital contribution to the economy of the respective tea producing countries like China, Japan, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Kenya etc. At the present time with the rising demand of tea it is needed to emphasize for exploring alternative means of increasing profits from tea cultivation. The tea market price is low in Different countries like Srilanka, India, Bangladesh, Kenya etc. comprises with high cost of production. For this reason, there is no alternatives rather than product diversification of tea through value addition which can be an important approach to mitigate the impacts of low market price and high production costs. This review broadly focuses on the issues leading to the development of wide range of tea and tea product diversification. This paper is also associated health benefits with different types of tea, nutraceutical beverage, confectionary items, toiletries and cosmeceuticals which being commercialized in different parts of the world which are gaining consumer acceptance and also face the challenges of global marketing by tea industries that’s are described in this paper.

In this study, it is aimed to redesign some of the landscape equipment of Konyaaltı Expo 2016 Park with a parametric design approach and to compare the park with the existing ones. For this purpose, the landscape equipment’s in Konyaaltı Expo 2016 Park, which was determined as the study material, were photographed, and analyzed. Using these data, opinions were taken from a group of ten experts, and it was determined which equipment should be redesigned. By targeting the redesigns to be made within the scope of the study, a literature search was made on the concept of Parametric Design and the examples made with parametric design were examined. Models of the new reinforcement elements proposed for Konyaaltı Expo 2016 Park were prepared with the Grasshopper tool and rendered images taken with the help of Lumion software. The evaluation of these designs in terms of aesthetics, economics and functionality, their suitability and how acceptable they are, was determined by asking the experts through a questionnaire. In line with the results of the survey, existing reinforcement elements and parametric design reinforcement elements were compared, and the possibilities and possible restrictions were examined.

The purpose of this study was to estimate and identify factors affecting the willingness of households to pay for conservation of Washera sheep in West Gojam, Ethiopia. This study used both primary and secondary data. A three-stage sampling method was used to collect data from 240 respondents. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and econometric models. The two-dimensional test model used a method to determine the choice of the imputation method using double limited dichotomies. The study showed that education level, livestock size, extension contacts and credit source positively affected the maximum household’s willingness to pay for conservation of Washera sheep. On the other hand, age, sex, land size, and the distance of the home from the household’s market have negatively affected the maximum household’s willingness to pay for conservation of Washera sheep. Meanwhile, the total number of valid answers corresponds to 122,168 households. Therefore, the mean willingness to pay for Washera sheep conservation was US$ 3.75 per year and the total economic benefit gain from Washera sheep conservation were equivalent to US$1,069,647.23. The study recommends that households be willing to contribute to the conservation of Washera sheep breed by providing the cash. This ensures community participation in all decision making and formulation of plans and policies related to the conservation of Washera sheep breeds.

In the study; fruit skin color parameters, fruit flesh firmness and total soluable solid (TSS) ratios, as well as total acidity, total phenolic substance, total monomeric anth°Cyanin amounts and total antioxidant capacity were determined. After the fruits were harvested, they were immersed in three different doses (0-2-4%) of calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution for 5 minutes. The fruits removed from the solution were kept to dry. The fruits were stored for 14 days in a cold store with a temperature of 1-2°C and a relative humidity of 90±5%. Before the storage and on the 7th and 14th days of storage, the fruits samples were taken and kept on the shelves in the rooms with a temperature of 21±1°C and a relative humidity of 60±5%for 3 days. Measurements and analyses of fruit quality parameters were made in the samples taken from the fruits that were kept on the shelf for three days. As a result of the study, it was determined that 4%CaCl2 application was effective in maintaining fruit flesh firmness. In fruits kept on the shelf for 3 days after 14 days of storage, SSC of 4%CaCl2 treatment was found to be higher than the control treatment. Compared to the control, 4%CaCl2 caused a significant increase in the total phenol content. The highest total monomeric anth°Cyanin content and total antioxidant capacity was determined in the control treatment. While there were no significant changes in L* values between treatments, a* and b* values were found to be higher in 2%CaCl2 treatment. In the light of the data obtained, it was concluded that 4%CaCl2 application had a positive effect on the shelf life of strawberry fruits.

Verticillium wilt disease in cotton is a soil-borne disease that causes significant yield losses, and it is therefore important to identify disease-resistant genotypes. Current study was carried out in the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Dicle University (Diyarbakir) in the year 2020 to determine the tolerance levels of some cotton genotypes which contain different characteristics to wilt disease (Verticillium dahliae Kleb.). The experiment area has been naturally infected with Verticillium wilt pathogens. A total of 124 cotton genotypes, including four controls (DP-499, Edessa, ST-468, ES-1), were arranged in five blocks according to the Augmented Design. The indices of stem cross-section and the leaf-disease severity were found significant. The leaf-disease severity varied between 0.12-3.09 at 50-60 % at boll opening period, whilst stem cross-section values ranged between 0.36-2.30. Moreover, a positive correlation was found between the indices. In conclusion, G7, G12, G21, G22, G23, G41, G51, G55, and G101 were determined as tolerant genotypes to Verticillium wilt in terms of examining two parameters.

Trees in upland, semiarid agroecological zones typically require water efficiency due to low rainfall, cold and dry temperatures as in Niğde Province, Central Anatolia, Türkiye. This study quantitatively assessed farmer perception of ecosystem services and production advantage of trees in a semiarid zone. Forty-nine farmers in Niğde Province were surveyed. The survey evaluated two major factors: ecosystem services and production advantage using eleven indicators. The responses were grouped by age, gender, education, district class (rural and urban) and farm settlement (rural and urban) and were analysed by test of association (χ2) at P≤0.05. Most farmers had knowledge of trees in their environment and mainly supported the perspective that trees were important mainly for cultural and provisioning ecosystem services. However, they held the opinion that having trees on their farmer was a production disadvantage in a semiarid agroecological zone. Although there were no gender differences in their perspectives, there were significant difference by age, education, district class and farm settlement. Farmers in this semiarid agroecological zone seemed more interested in trees with evident ecosystem services and production advantage such as improved crop yield, water efficiency, weed and pest management, ease of harvesting as well as reduced overall production cost. By implication, trees with multiple benefits are required if further planting by farmers is to be encouraged for agroecosystem improvement. In addition, tree choice will be based on farmer perception of the benefits of trees for ecosystem services and production advantage and further research to identify and promote trees that benefits the widest range of agroecosystems.

Wheat, which is one of the most widely cultivated crops in the world, has great importance in terms of economy. Wheat is one of the basic food sources of human beings, is one of the first cultivated plants. In order to meet the nutritional needs in parallel with the increasing human population, agricultural production needs to be increased. Fertilization is the most important factor in increasing the yield. Innovations in fertilizer technology and improvement of use efficiency are of great importance. In this study, different doses of mineral (0, 15, 20, 40 kg/da DAP and 0, 20, 30, 40 kg/da AS) and organomineral fertilizers (0, 15, 20, 40 kg/da 20: 20: 0 and 0, 20, 30, 40 kg/da 25: 0: 0) were applied with or without microbial encapsulation to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants (Rumeli cv.) in pots. Some of macro and micro plant nutrients were analysed in three different harvest periods from seed sowing to compare the fertility of the applied fertilizers. According to the results of the research, all applications showed significant differences in terms of all examined parameters. Organomineral fertilizers were found to be more effective than mineral fertilizers. It has been observed that microbial encapsulation is effective at varying levels according to changing fertilizer type and dosage.

Due to high cost of importation and inability of wheat to thrive in Nigeria, baked products like chin-chin are costly and out of the reach of common people. Since baked products are convenient snack relished by all, substitution with readily available materials like cassava flour becomes the only available option. Wheat and cassava flours were blended in the ratios of 70:30%, 50: 50% and 30: 70% respectively while 100% wheat and cassava flours served as controls. Deep fat fried chin-chin samples were prepared from the blends. Proximate and functional properties were conducted on the flour blends while proximate composition and acceptability test were on the chin-chin samples. The results revealed that with increase in cassava inclusion levels in the composite flour blends, there was increase in moisture (7.77-8.23%), carbohydrate (73.42-79.23%), ash (0.75-1.00%), bulk density (0.51-0.61 g/ml), swelling index (0.96.1.09%), water absorption capacity (1.10-1.88 g/g), and emulsion capacity (27.41-39.48%) while dry matter (91.20-9.84%), protein (8.55-6.55%), fat (2.08-0.98%), fibre (2.53-2.20%) and oil absorption capacity (1.29-1.16 g/g) decreased. For chin- chin, there was significant increase in moisture (8.29-10.40%) and carbohydrate (63.63-66.54%) while dry matter (91.70-89.59%), protein (6.66-3.50 %), fat (17.57-16.84%), ash (1.88-1.38) and fiber (1.96-1.69%) decreased. There was no significant difference in the overall acceptability of the chin-chin samples. Therefore, cassava flour substitution of up to 70% is acceptable, but with decrease in most of the nutrient composition which can be improved with lower (