The aim of this study was to determine the factors affecting mastitis cases and to estimate the correlations of somatic cell count (SCC) with milk yield in Holstein cows. The study was conducted in two private dairy farms in Hódmezõvásárhely, South-Hungary. A total of 882 Holstein cows were tested by SCC, fat and protein contents of milk monthly intervals. To test milk SCC and components, two groups were designed, and to examine effect of parity on first mastitis day (FMD) and total mastitis cases (TMC), four groups were divided. It was noted that higher SCC caused to higher TMC. While cows had higher protein content exposed to higher FMD and TMC, cows had lower daily milk yield (DMY) had higher values by mastitis case parameters. In parity evaluation, only primiparous cows had statistically lower TMC. The cows with lower SCC were found in advance in change of milk yield (CMY) up to 6.858±0.947 kg. A negative correlation coefficient was estimated between SCC and DMY. Finally, monitoring SCC of milk is offered to prevent milk production losses and new mastitis occurrences in the herds.

This research was conducted to overcome the problem of slow and erratic emergence in okra and to find out the effects of priming on germination, growth performance and yield in okra at Research Field of Nepal Polytechnic Institute (NPI) Bharatpur-11, Chitwan, Nepal (April-July, 2019). Arka Anamika variety was used for experiment. The experiment was laid out in Randomize Complete Block Design with 5 treatments and 4 replications, i.e. T1 (hormonal priming with IBA), T2 (hydro priming with fresh tap water), T3 (halo priming with NaCl), T4 (chemo priming with liquid urea) and T5 (un-primed seeds). Field experiment results showed that priming proved effective in improving germination percent except the chemo priming, reducing the mean germination time (MGT), improving the growth parameters (plant height, number of branches, plant canopy and number of leaves) and improving yield contributing characters like fruit length, fruit diameter as compared to un-primed seeds. The highest and lowest germination percentages were found in hydro priming and hormonal priming respectively while better growth performance in hormonal and chemo priming. Similarly, hormonal and hydro priming resulted in higher yield. Hence, it is suggested that seed priming is important to improve the overall germination, growth performance and yield in okra.

The main purpose of this paper is to review on the effect of irrigation water quality and deficit irrigation on crop yield and water use efficiency. Low quality water for irrigation can impose a major environmental constraint to crop productivity. If salts become excessive, losses in yield will result. To prevent yield loss, salts in the soil must be controlled at a concentration below that which might affect yield. Irrigation application below the full evapotranspiration requirement is termed as deficit irrigation. Deficit irrigation consists of deliberately applying irrigation water in amounts below the plant’s water requirements. Deficit irrigation can be applied at certain periods during the crop’s growing season or throughout its growing season. Yield reductions also occur in a number of crops when subjected to water stress. Yield reductions depend on the crop’s sensitivity to water stress at its various growth stages. In order for deficit irrigation to be an economically viable practice, the revenue lost due to yield reduction should be lower than savings in total cost of production. The goal of deficit irrigation is to increase crop water use efficiency by reducing the amount of water that is applied or by reducing the number of irrigation events. The interaction effects of water quality and DI illustrated that when the two types of stresses; saline and DI were coupled together, a serious reduction occurred on total dry biomass and total yield. The interaction effects of water quality and deficit irrigation illustrated that when the two types of stresses; saline and deficit irrigation were coupled together, a serious reduction occurred on total dry biomass and total yields.

Tarafımızdan yürütülen çalışmalarda in vitro kültürlerde mezankimal kök hücreleri ve endotelyal hücre hatları kullanılarak suyun IC50 değeri tespit edilerek hücreler üzerindeki pozitif ve negatif etki dozları belirlenmektedir. Buradan elde edilen sonuçlara bağlı olarak, gerekli olması durumda tüm organizmadaki etkileri deney hayvanları üzerinde in vivo olarak incelenebilmektedir. Bu amaçla genç wistar sıçanları deney gruplarına (deney ve kontrol) ayrılarak, su ihtiyaçları 3 ila 6 ay süre ile çalışma alanından temin edilen su örnekleri ile karşılanmaktadır. Belirli zaman noktalarında her bir gruptaki deneklerden kan ve idrar numunesi alınarak rutin biyokimya analizleri ile hemogramı analizlenerek değişimler kaydedilmektedir. Ayrıca aylık periyotlarla örneklemdeki denekler sakrifiye edilerek endojen dokuların genel muayenesi yapılarak histolojik ve kimyasal analizler için karaciğer, böbrek ve kalp dokusundan örnekler alınmaktadır. Doku örneklerinin bir kısmı mikrodalga kullanılarak homojenizat haline getirilir ve element içeriğindeki değişimler ICP_OES ile tayin edilmektedir. Diğer kısmı ise %10’luk formaldehitte tespit edildikten sonra dondurarak kesit alma yöntemine göre 5 um’lik ince kesitleri alınarak histopatalojik olarak incelenmektedir. Bu çalışmalar göstermişti ki su analizlerinde kullanılan bilindik yöntemler çok kıymetli olsa da sitotoksik analiz yöntemiyle yapılan su kalitesi çalışması su kalitesinin direkt canlı doku üzerinde etkilerinin gözlenmesi açısından güvenilirlik sağlamaktadır. Sunulan çalışmada, sonuçlarının çarpıcılığı nedeniyle İncesu Havzasından alınan su numuneleri için yürütülen in vitro sitotoksisite çalışmaları örnek olarak verilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar ışığında in vitro sitotoksisite testlerinin rutin su kalitesi analizlerine eklenmesi gerektiği önerilmektedir.

Thirteen different mostly consumed cheese samples were obtained from different provinces in Turkey and were investigated in terms of contents of ergosterol, patulin and Ochratoxin A (OTA). Ergosterol, patulin and OTA analyses were carried out by using the apparatus of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Ergosterol contents of samples ranged from 30.27±0.69 to 144.76±9.41 mg/kg. The values of OTA in the samples were ranged from 6.96±0.05 to 41±0.2 µg/kg. Ergosterol was significantly correlated with OTA (r = 0.99, R2 = 0.98). According to this high correlation, ergosterol might be used as a more readily measurable indicator of potential OTA production. No patulin was detected in all samples. Absence of patulin on cheese samples may be explained with unsuitable media for patulin producing.

Vegetables; in terms of vitamins, nutritional fiber, phenolic component and mineral matter has an important role in human nutrition. There are many species of purple-red vegetables, some of which are well-known, such as red beet (Beta vulgaris), black carrot (Daucus carota ssp. sativus var. atrorubens Alef), black radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. niger), purple cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata f. rubra). Purple or red vegetables have higher antioxidant potential compared to other vegetables, which have many beneficial properties such as antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and liver protection. Each of vegetables which is black carrot, beetroot, black radish and purple cabbage contains p-coumaric acid, betaxanthin, ellagic acid and indole-3-carbinol respectively. In this study, Antifungal effect of ethanol extracts obtained from red beet, black carrot, black radish which are inner and peel part, purple cabbage against 7 different subspecies of Penicillium, 6 different subspecies of Aspergillus and Mucor racemosus, Botrytis cinerea, Geotrichum candidum, Cladosporium claudosporioides, Rhizopus nigricans species were determined by using disk diffusion method. As a consequence; it was determined that 7 different samples had antifungal effect on 18 different mold species at various rate. The highest antifungal effect was observed with 23.05±0.05 mm zone diameter against A. fumigatus in black radish inner part ethanol extract. This value was pursued by red beet inner part ethanol extract against M. racemosus with 21.44±0.12 mm zone diameter. It was concluded that the lowest antifungal effect on mold species except for P. citrinum, P. solitum and B. cinerea in purple cabbage extract.

That agricultural sector is examined closer from every point of view and is restructured in complied with the requirements of the age has to be structured comes to our face as a reality any longer accepted by every sector of the society. The various developments experienced in the world in the recent years have directly or indirectly affected agricultural sector. In the economy of Turkey, one of the countries attracting attention with its rapidly growing, there are many theoretical studies dealing with the direct or indirect contribution of agricultural sector. However, it is necessary to increase the number of the applied studies introducing the existing situation of the sector and enabling to develop the effective policies for the sector. For, it is highly important for the theories put forward in theoretical framework to be supported by empirical analyses in terms of forming effective policy suggestions. In the study, the three sub-sectors were considered such as the subsectors of cereal, legume, and fruit-vegetable and the existing situation of the sector was analyzed by moving from the macro variables. In order to identify the effects of macroeconomic variables (inflation, exchange rate, interest, monetary supply), selected in the direction of the aim of the study, panel cointegration test was utilized. Setting off from this point, when the analysis made in the study is examined for all sectors, it was identified that the variable affecting the sector the most was interest rate. When the results of panel cointegration test between interest rate and agricultural production were examined, while there was a negative directional relationship between the production of subsector “fruit vegetable” and the variable “interest” as expected, it attracts attention that there was a positive relationship between the subsector of cereal legume and interest in contrast to this.

The application of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) and multivariate analysis for determining the seed germination rate of corn genotypes was assessed. Seed samples about 90 gr belong to commercial and local corn varieties at various ages were scanned with FT-NIRS on the reflectance mode from 1000 to 2500 nm wavelength. Filter paper technique showed the seed germination rates varied between 18-100% depending on the genotypes after 7 days at ±25°C. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was applied to the reference values corresponding to the spectra. The best statistical results obtained from the pre-treatment combinations of Smooth Savitzky-Golay 9 Points (sg9), MSC full and normalization to unit length (nle). The regression coefficient of calibration (R2C) and prediction (R2P) of the created NIRS calibration via chemometric software NIRCal are realized 0.97 and 0.98 respectively for the property of corn germination rate. The standard error of both calibration (SEC) and prediction (SEP) were almost overlapping (4.17%, 4.61% respectively). The prediction accuracy of the final NIRS model was quite reasonable with the acceptable root mean standard error of prediction (RMSEP) as 8.88%. According to the residual predictive deviation (RPD) index (4.18), the accuracy of the NIRS model regarded as in the best category. Therefore, the NIRS model developed here is sufficient to predict the corn seed germination rate very fast and non-destructively without using any regents.

In this study, it is aimed to determine the heavy metal pollution caused by wastewaters of leather factory in Keban Dam Lake (Agın region). For this purpose, water samples were taken monthly during one year from the selected stations (wastewater of leather factory, wastewater discharged region and open water region). The concentrations of some heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, As and Hg) were determined in water samples. The ranges of elements were found as Cu=11.71-19.14; Fe=82.03-169.92; Zn=39.06-70.31; Cr=58.59-82.03; Ni=2.5-10.25; Cd=45-72.5 mg/L; As=43.57-76.0 and Hg=0.42-0.76 µg/L in wastewater; Cu=6.25-9.74; Fe=42.96-87.89; Zn=16,21-42,96; Cr=39,06-58.59; Ni=1.22-7.25; Cd=23.75-45.0 mg/L; As=20.32-37.92 and Hg=0.19-0.38 µg/L in discharged water to dam lake, Cu=0.31-0.52; Fe=0.24-0.54; Zn=0.43-0.67; Cr=0.05-1.12; Ni=0.002-0.004 and Cd=0.009-0.02 mg/L in open water respectively. It has been determined that heavy metal pollution is very high in the wastewater of leather factory and discharged water to Dam Lake. Among these heavy metals, the most accumulated metal was chromium. In all three regions, the lowest concentrations were found in winter and the highest concentrations were found in summer. The results were compared with tolerable values for heavy metals provided from the WHO, EC and USEPA standards for freshwater. Cu, Fe, Zn, Cr and Ni concentrations in the wastewater and discharged water to the Dam Lake were found above the standard values given by WHO, EC and USEPA.

In this study, structural characteristics, mechanization applications, problems and solution suggestions of poultry houses of broiler chickens in Bolu central district were investigated. The surveys were conducted in a total of 200 broilers in 8 villages (Oğulduruk, Taps, Değirmenbeli, Çivril, Banaz, Yakuplar, Vakıfgeçitveren and Çaygökpınar) where the broiler production of the central district of Bolu was intensively produced. The field work for the surveys was conducted in February-April 2018. In the broiler houses surveyed in the central district of Bolu, it was determined that the capacity was generally in the range of 5.000 ≤ Capacity < 20.000 (74%), and nearly all of the houses (96.5%) were in the east-west direction. It was determined that the concrete materials are used in the foundations of all the houses examined, and %79 Sandwich panel on the walls and 86.5% of the poultry houses are used mechanical ventilated, in 70% of the poultry houses have 9 and more fans for ventilation, and in all of the poultry house are used luminaires for illumination.It was determined that 91.5% of the poultry houses had a tractor, 96% of the poultry houses had full automatic watering, and nipple drinker with lifting system was used and 87.5% of the poultry houses had honeycomb (Ped) application. It was determined that the number of animals placed in 1 m² was 16-18 (42.5%). It was determined that 15.5% of the problem, 13% of deficiency of information with the broiler houses, 20% of credit and debt problems. Then, there should be a solution to the problem of disease among the producer problems in the enterprises examined and the credit facilities should be improved. In addition, manufacturers need to be informed according to new technological developments in information deficiencies.