This study was conducted in the Tolon district of Ghana to determine small-scale farmers' perceptions, motivation and problems faced by them in the adoption of agroforestry practices. Primary data were collected through a pre-structured questionnaire from a sample of 200 respondents who were selected using a multi-stage random sampling technique. Data analysis was done by using the percentage and total weighted score (TWS) method. Most of the farmers in the study area have a positive perception of the adoption of agroforestry practices. Crop diversification, high returns and risk minimisation were the major motivational factor, whereas small landholding size, lack of awareness and poor knowledge, poor market accessibility, lack of subsidy, credit facility, lack of good quality planting material and longer period for tree growth were the major problems faced by the farmers in the study area. Thus, the study suggested that farmers can be encouraged to practice agroforestry through improved agroforestry extension services, cooperative groups and distribution of quality planting material to farmers.

The increase in the world population and rapid urbanization cause different types of pollution such as air, water, soil and noise. Today, this situation significantly affects the quality of life in densely populated settlements both in the world and in Turkey. Noise pollution, which is one of the important types of pollution, especially in urban areas, is increasing day by day due to anthropogenic effects. Studies conducted by the European Noise Directive (END) show that noise pollution is one of the important factors that cause health problems. Parks are places that allow children trapped in the structural environment in urban life to get to know nature and play games in open spaces. In particular, the children's playgrounds in the parks allow children to play and socialize in the open area and also allow parents to rest. However, park users may be exposed to noise pollution due to high-level noises originating from vehicle traffic, user density, and children's playgrounds in these places. This situation adversely affects the physical and mental health of the park users. The aim of the research is to determine the noise level in children's playgrounds in parks and to develop suggestions for reducing this noise level. As a result of the preliminary studies carried out in this context, Antalya/Kepez Dokuma Park was determined as a research area. Zones were created at certain intervals around the children's playground in the research area. And noise levels were measured on weekdays and weekends from the noise measurement points determined in these zones. The results obtained show that the noise pollution caused by the children's playgrounds in the parks and environmental factors is at a high level. In this context, landscape design and planning proposals have been developed to reduce noise pollution from children's playgrounds and environmental factors.

Yield performances differ according to the environment in which the plants are grown. In order to determine the chickpea cultivars suitable for Kahramanmaraş province, 17 different chickpea cultivars were tried during the growing seasons of 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. Among the characteristics examined in the study, flowering times, pod bind times, first branch height to years, varieties and years variety interactions were significant as statistical. There were statistically significant differences in terms of plant height, years and year × variety interaction. The number of pods, pod length, pod width created statistically significant differences in terms of years and cultivars. The differences among the cultivars in terms of grain yield were found as statistically significant. It was determined that the effects of years, cultivars and year-variety interactions on the first pod height, number of branches, and pod diameter did not have a statistically significant. At the end of the two-year study, it was concluded that Seckin, Arda, Hasanbey, Çagatay, Azkan, Ubet, Damla 89 and Aslanbey chickpea cultivars can be recommended due to the over grain yield of 300 (345-301) kg from per decare in Kahramanmaras conditions.

Türkiye’nin su kaynakları her geçen gün giderek kirlenmekte ve kişi başına düşen su miktarı ihtiyacı nüfus artışı ile yıldan yıla hızla artmaktadır. Artan nüfusla beraber gıdaya duyulan ihtiyacın artması buna bağlı olarak su tüketiminin artması, atık suların uygun yöntemlerle arıtılarak çeşitli alanlarda özellikle sulama suyu olarak yeniden kullanımının sağlanması günümüzde ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu kapsamda, Kırklareli il merkezinin kanalizasyon suları mevcut evsel ve endüstriyel arıtma tesislerinde arıtılarak Kırklareli deresine deşarj edilmektedir. Bu çalışma derenin suları ve arıtma tesislerinden salınan suların, sulama suyu kalitesi ve kirlilik durumunun belirlenerek tarımsal amaçlı kullanıma uygunluğunu ortaya koymak amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kırklareli Deresi üzerinde belirlenen istasyonlardan alınan atık su örnekleri mevsimsel olarak alınmıştır. Örnekler üzerinde fiziksel ve inorganik-kimyasal parametreler incelenmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçları değerlendirmek için, Su Kirliliği Kontrol Yönetmeliğinde yer alan Kıta İçi Yerüstü Su Kaynaklarının Sınıfları (KYSKK) kullanılmıştır. Buna göre; Kırklareli deresi su örneklerinin fiziksel ve inorganik-kimyasal parametreleri açısından mevsimsel olarak kalite sınıfının IV. sınıf olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, elektriksel iletkenlik (EC) ve sodyum adsorpsiyon oranı (SAR) değerlerini temel alan ABD tuzluluk laboratuvarı sınıflandırma sistemine göre C3S1 sınıfına girdiği, fazla tuzlu olmasından dolayı dikkatle kullanılması gerektiği tespit edilmiştir. Su örnekleri ölçüm değerleri üzerinde yapılan tekrarlanan ölçümlü deneme düzeninde varyans analizi, tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) ve korelasyon analizi yapılmıştır. İstatiksel açıdan parametreler arasındaki belirgin farklar ve ilişkiler belirlenmiştir.

The study’s main purpose is to to determine the price levels in the market and their willingness to accept higher prices of organic farming enterprises. For this purpose, enterprises engaged in organic farming activities in Konya were interviewed. A total of 883 organic farming enterprises in Konya grow 123 kinds of organic products, and as the products change, the organic structures of agricultural products change and their marketing channels, strategies and price formations also differ. In this context, 219 surveys were conducted in 13 product groups classified by TURKSTAT. In line with the data obtained as a result of the survey, the social, economic, production and marketing characteristics of the organic farming enterprises and the effects of the marketing structures of organic products on their willingness to accept prices were investigated using the Willingness to Accept (WTA) method, which is one of the conditional valuation methods. Furthermore, the marginal effects of each factor were determined by constructing the equation of the ordinal probit regression to be used to estimate the function of the WTA curve. As a result, suggestions have been developed for optimal price formation in the organic agriculture sector, where the marginal benefit is at the forefront, due to the high level of healthy life and environmental awareness, as well as marginal income, unlike traditional agricultural enterprises.

Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima Lam.) is a well-known, extensively grown and consumed crop, world-wide. Pumpkins are natural and rich source of potential bioactive compounds. The presence of active phytochemicals makes these fruits a great matrix to be further exploited for therapeutic purposes, beyond biotechnological applications. Peel, flesh and seeds of this fruit are heavily loaded with phenolics, flavonoids and carotenoids, which are the main tributes of this functional and medicinal food. Present study was designed to utilize these parts of pumpkin in the form of powders, at 0, 5, 10 and 15% replacement levels with white flour, to develop biscuits and to obtain methanolic extracts of these biscuits to determine their phytochemical parameters. Among the different treatment biscuits, highest amount of total phenolics (101.79 mg GAE/100 g), flavonoids (60.74 mg CE/ 100 g) and DPPH free radical scavenging activity (38.00 mg AAE/100 g) was found in biscuits with 15% replacement of pumpkin seeds powder, while biscuits with 15% replacement of pumpkin flesh powder exhibited highest amount of total carotenoid contents (6.95 mg/ 100 g) and β carotene (2.86 mg/100 g). Functional biscuits developed from replacement of pumpkin parts powders with wheat flour may be offered to patients facing oxidative stress, degenerative diseases and diabetes. These biscuits can be offered to children for better growth and development. Consumers awareness through proper marketing at commercial level with proper labelling of nutritional facts, may lead to increased demand of this functional and medicinal food rich in bio actives.

In this study, a total of 364 samples were collected and 349 of them belonged to, 349 specimens of Dasyatis pastinaca, 6 of Gymnura altavela, 5 of Torpedo marmorato, 2 of Aetomylaeus bovinus and Mustelus mustelus, were obtained by-catch in trammel nets off the Izmir Bay (Aegean sea coast of Turkey) during period of spring in 2018. Males of D. pastinaca ranged from 28–62 cm and females from 31.5-94 cm total length. The analysis of the angular coefficient (b) demonstrated that growth (in weight) in relation to length was isometric in males and females of D. pastinaca. Morphologic measurements of a total of 60 individuals to represent all individuals of the population, t test in independent groups to determine differences in males and females and all other morphometric measurements were statistically tested by multiple regression analysis (stepwise method). Therefore, difference between mean values obtained according to sexes was not found different. However, A linear correlation between weight- pelvic length for females and weight- preanal length for males according to multiple regression analysis in male and female individuals. Isometric and positive allometric growths were calculated for species of Torpedo marmorata and Gymnura altavela, respectively.

Peanut allergens adversely affect the health and quality of life of millions of consumers worldwide. The seeds of the peanut plant (Arachis hypogaea L.) contain a number of allergens that trigger the production of specific IgE antibodies in allergy-prone individuals. Currently, 18 proteins found in peanuts are accepted as allergens. These allergens are named from Ara h 1 to Ara h 18. Ara h 2, Ara h 6 and Ara h 7 are from albumin, Ara h 1 and Ara h 3 are from globülin. Ara h is the abbreviation of Arachis hypogaea, the Latin name for peanut. A peanut allergy is a reaction that occurs shortly after eating to peanuts or peanut products. It has various symptoms that can go up to swelling of the tongue, itching of the palate, itching and burning in the throat, itching in the eyes and nose, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, shortness of breath, wheezing, bruising, chest pain, hives, low blood pressure and shock. In this review, the properties of peanut allergens and the methods of reducing the allergen effect will be reviewed.

Crop and animal production constitute a large part of the people's livelihoods in Bayburt province. In addition, the province has become one of the important animal husbandry centers of the region due to the fact that it is a transit point between the Eastern Anatolia region and the Black Sea region. But the number of small farms in Bayburt province is still very large, and the number of farms that are members of grower organizations is quite small. In addition, the migration of the young population from villages leads to an increase in the average age of the population engaged in animal husbandry and a decrease in the number of animals that can be raised depending on the labor force. In this review, the general status of cattle and small ruminants livestock in Bayburt province was given and the level of livestock in Bayburt province was revealed with current data.

This research was conducted to compare single and twin-row planting patterns and to determine optimum plant density for hybrid maize varieties (DKC5364, P0573), grown in Western Blacksee conditions of Türkiye, in the main crop growing season in 2020. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in a split-split plot arrangement with three replications. Hybrid maize varieties were in the main plots, planting patterns (single row (70 cm) and twin row (70-20cm) were in the split plots and plant densities of 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 plants/m2 were in the split- split plots. In the current study, plant height, first ear height, stem diameter, ears number per plant, ear length, ear diameter, and ear weigth were examined. Effects of varieties, planting patterns and plant densities on plant heights, first ear heights, ears numbers per plants and ear weigths were statistically significant. Higher values were observed at DKC5364 maize variety than P0573 variety for examined characteristics. The most suitable plant densities were determined as 11 plants/m2 for grain production and 12 plants/m2 for silage production in twin row plantig in Western Blacksee conditions of Türkiye