Bu çalışmada Adana ili Pozantı ilçesindeki dört köyde geleneksel koşullarda süt üretimi yapan işletmelerden alınan toplam 196 süt örneği değerlendirilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre işletmeler arasında süt kompozisyonu ve somatik hücre sayısı (SHS) bakımından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılıklar bulunmuştur (p<0.01). Süt yağ oranı %2.35–4,55 arasında değişmiş ve ortalama %3,50 olarak belirlenmiştir; örneklerin %47’si %3,5 yağ oranının altında kalmıştır. Protein oranı %2.41–3.95 aralığında olup ortalama %3.00’dır; örneklerin %19’u %2,8’in altındadır. Yağsız kuru madde %8,71–12,66 arasında değişmiş ve ortalama %10,26 ile Türk Gıda Kodeksi eşik değerinin üzerinde bulunmuştur. Laktoz oranı %3.51–5.02 aralığında olup ortalama %4,16 olarak hesaplanmıştır. SHS değerleri 16.000–4.787.000 hücre/ml arasında değişmiş ve ortalama 875.500 hücre/ml olarak saptanmıştır. Toplam örneklerin %60’ında SHS, 500.000 hücre/ml eşik değerinin üzerinde bulunmuştur. Bu bulgular, dağ köylerinde üretilen sütlerin kalite parametrelerinde önemli farklılıklar bulunduğunu ve özellikle hijyen, beslenme ve sağım uygulamalarında iyileştirmeler yapılması gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Propagating Haritoki through stem cuttings can be difficult because of low rooting success. To improve sprouting and root formation, growth regulators such as IBA are often needed. The experiment was conducted at the Landscape Section, Department of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, from January to June 2022, to examine the effects of indole butyric acid (IBA) and stem cutting portions on the propagation of Haritoki. The study included three types of stem cuttings viz. apical, middle, and basal combined with six IBA concentrations in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Significant variations were observed among the parameters studied. The highest sprouting percentage (84.88%) occurred in basal cuttings, while apical cuttings had the lowest (67.75%) at 45 DAP. Basal cuttings also exhibited superior growth performance, with the maximum number of shoots (6.01), shoot length (4.94 cm), number of leaves (5.50), leaf length (2.45 cm), leaf width (1.22 cm), rooting percentage (17.83%), root count (4.55), and root length (4.70 cm). In contrast, apical cuttings recorded the lowest values in these parameters. Regarding IBA concentrations, 4000 ppm resulted in the best outcomes at 60 DAP, with the highest sprouting percentage (85.94%), shoot number (7.03), shoot length (7.09 cm), leaf number (7.22), leaf length (2.73 cm), leaf width (1.36 cm), rooting percentage (15.25%), root count (4.19), and root length (4.74 cm). The control treatment (0 ppm) showed the poorest results. The combination of basal cutting with 4000 ppm IBA produced the best performance, whereas apical cutting without IBA had the weakest growth.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a principal staple crop in Türkiye, with the Southeastern Anatolia region playing a critical role in national grain production. In April 2024, routine field surveys in the Diyarbakır province revealed wheat plants exhibiting characteristic virus-induced symptoms including chlorotic streaks and yellowing at the leaf tips. Fifty symptomatic leaf samples were collected and screened using multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays targeting eight common cereal viruses. The results revealed that four samples (8%) tested positive for wheat spindle streak mosaic virus (Bymovirus tritici, WSSMV), while no other viruses were amplified. This study represents the first molecular detection of WSSMV in Southeastern Türkiye, specifically in Diyarbakır. This finding underscores the necessity for regular viral pathogen surveillance and the development of proactive management strategies to mitigate potential yield losses. The study contributes valuable molecular data for the regional assessment of viral threats to wheat, and recommends implementation of integrated disease monitoring programs to safeguard crop health in Southeastern Türkiye.

In recent years there is increasing interests on Microalgae as natural sources of bioactive compounds capable of addressing growing nutritional and health challenges. These bioactive constituents, often extracted through biotechnological approaches, have shown therapeutic potential against various diseases. In the present study, dried Spirulina platensissuspended in water was hydrolysed by using gastric (pepsin) and intestinal (trypsin) enzymes for two hours. Additionally, in model gastrointestinal digestion, the pepsin-treated hydrolysate underwent a second enzymatic treatment with trypsin under the same conditions. The obtained protein hydrolysates were evaluated for their angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and antioxidant capacity. The results showed that enzymatic hydrolysis significantly enhanced the bio-functional properties of Spirulina proteins. The degree of hydrolysis (DH) was measured as 2.65% for the untreated sample (PT0), 11.33% for the pepsin hydrolysate (P120), 11.13% for the trypsin hydrolysate (T120), and 13.18% for the sequential hydrolysate (PT240). ACE inhibition rates were determined as 92.40%, 89.96%, 94.81%, and 95.53% for PT0, P120, T120, and PT240, respectively. The IC50values, indicating the protein concentration required to inhibit 50% of ACE activity, were 2.92, 0.68, 0.79, and 0.51 mg protein/mL for PT0, P120, T120, and PT240, respectively. The lower IC₅₀ value of PT240 indicated a stronger ACE inhibitory effect. Antioxidant analyses further supported the enhanced bioactivity of sequential hydrolysates. PT240 exhibited the highest values in all antioxidant assays: DPPH (0.91 mg Trolox equivalents/g DW), ABTS (3.47 mg TE/g DW), FRAP (3.92 mg FeSO4·7H2O/g DW), and total phenolic content (2.87 mg GAE/g DW). In conclusion, enzymatic hydrolysis improved the ACE inhibitory and antioxidant properties of S. platensis protein, with sequential hydrolysis by pepsin and trypsin yielding the most pronounced bioactive effects.

This study examines how the factors affecting the food purchasing preferences of university employees’ and students differ according to personal and socio-economic variables based on increasing food security concerns due to global problems. In the study conducted with 220 participants in the 2022-2023 academic year, 14 criteria taken into account when purchasing food, and 7 issues of concern in terms of food safety were evaluated with a 5-point Likert scale. Data was analysed using an independent sample t-test and One-way ANOVA. Most participants (75%) are between the ages of 18-34, mostly single, and belong to the low-middle income group. Production and expiry dates, taste/flavour, freshness, hygiene and quality stand out in food purchasing preferences. Additives, genetically modified ingredients, chemical residues, and bacterial contamination are among the most important issues. It has been observed that participants make informed choices and are particularly sensitive to biological and chemical risks. It was observed that female respondents were more sensitive to the issues, and consumer sensitivity increased as income, education level and number of family members increased. Regarding settlements, individuals living in provincial and district centers make more conscious choices than in villages. Food safety and access should be improved through strategies that address the different needs of consumer groups. University and social media-based awareness campaigns for young people, specialized information for women, and nutrient-based products for the elderly should be offered. Subsidies, regional certifications and mobile markets for low-income groups should be supported. Label design should be clear and informative, offering single and family size product options. Provide access to information for consumers with different levels of education through appropriate digital and traditional content. Promote conscious consumption through food literacy and healthy living programs.

The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of extraction solvents on the anti-bacterial and anti-fungal efficacy of the stem and roots of Ajuga integrifolia Buch. Ham. ex D. Extracts were prepared in different solvents and tested against fungi and bacteria species including, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Xanthomonos oryzae, Citrobacter freundi, Alternaria alternata, A. solani and Aspergillus niger. Antibacterial efficacy of the Ajuga integrifolia was carried out by disc diffusion susceptibility method and antifungal efficacy by well diffusion susceptibility method. Methanol stem extract revealed efficacy against C. freundi by producing a 63% zone of inhibition at 3000µg/disc while methanol roots extract produced 77% ZI against A. tumifaciens. Methanol root and stem extracts produced an equal zone of inhibition (97%) at 1000 µg/ml concentration against A. alternata and A. solani. The results of the study clearly stated that the polarity of the solvents used in the extraction procedure affects the bioactivities of the extracts.

This research was carried out during the 2022 and 2023 growing seasons on Agricultural Research and Application Fields of Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University. The study aimed to investigate the effects of different organic fertilizers and application rates on the yield and yield-related characteristics of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.). The experiment was designed using a split plot arrangement in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The main plots were assigned to five organic fertilizer types: Leonardite, Vermicompost, Solid Humus, Chicken Manure and Sheep Manure, while the subplots included in the same way in all fertilizer forms four fertilizer doses (0, 150, 300 and 600 kg/da). The study utilized “Çameli” variety, the only registered Nigella sativa L. variety in Turkiye. Key parameters examined over both years included plant height (cm), number of branches per plant (number), number of capsules per plant (number), number of grains per capsule (number), thousand seed weight (g), seed yield (kg/da). The results; revealed that the average plant height ranged from 39.76 to 54.33 cm, the number of branchers per plant, ranged from 6.22 to 6.35, the number of capsules per plant ranged from 13.43 to 14.88, the number of seed per capsule ranged from 98.56 to 104.00, thousand seed weight varied between 2.50 and 3.11 g, seed yield ranged from 135.26 to 135.41 kg/da. Statistically significant differences (p<0.01) were observed for all examined characteristics. Based on the two-year results the application of chicken manure at 300 kg/da was identified as the most effective treatment, significantly enhancing plant height, capsule number and thousand seed weight. This finding reveals that the use of organic fertilizer in black cumin cultivation is an important alternative for farmers who want to both increase yield and prefer a natural production method.

This study aimed to evaluate the biochemical and nutritional profiles of three cauliflower cultivars—Valentena, Carotena, and Snow White—focusing on chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanins, vitamin C, flavonoids, phenolics, and antioxidant activity. Uniform curds were harvested at 60 days post-sowing from Baratia, Dumuria, Khulna, and analyzed at Khulna Agricultural University. Valentena exhibited the highest chlorophyll content (40.06±0.39 µg/100g FW chlorophyll a, 28.98±3.35 µg/100g FW chlorophyll b), superior lycopene (8.71±0.38 µg/100g FW) levels. Carotena showed the highest total carotenoid content (60.52±1.76 µg/100g FW) and β-carotene (26.99±0.44 µg/100g FW), while Snow White had the lowest values across most parameters. Valentena also led in anthocyanins (101.56±3.9 mg/L FW) and total flavonoids (79.56±10.36 mg/100g FW), with Carotena having the highest vitamin C content (60.05±2.93 µg/g FW). DPPH assays indicated that Valentena showed the most effective antioxidant (IC50 = 43.65±3.56 mg/mL FW), followed by Carotena and Snow White. Hierarchical clustering and pricipal component analysis (PCA) revealed distinct biochemical profiles: Valentena and Carotena shared similarities in carotenoids and antioxidant activity, whereas Snow White differed significantly. Linear discriminant analysis identified lycopene, chlorophyll b, and β-carotene as major differentiators, highlighting the diverse nutritional and antioxidant properties of these cauliflower varieties. The findings highlight the potential of Carotena and Valentena for health-conscious consumers seeking nutrient-rich, antioxidant benefits in functional meals.

The Seed Technology Division, BARI, Gazipur, Bangladesh carried out a lab experiment in 2020–2021 to find the best vermicompost treatment for enhancing seed germination and seedling emergence in an environment of drought stress. With 4 replications, the experiment used a 2-factorial completely randomized design. Five different amounts of priming were applied to onion seeds: hydropriming, 5% vermicompost priming (VCP), 10% VCP, 15% VCP, and untreated control. In addition, the onion seedlings were treated with 10% and 15% PEG, two different levels of drought stress. BARI Piaj-4 onion was the kind that was used. The findings demonstrated that, under drought-stressed situations, seed priming with vermicompost leach improved seed germination and seedling emergence percent. especially, the vermicompost leach at 10% under 10% PEG drought stress condition showed the best results in terms of promptness index (123), germination stress tolerance index (84.25%), seed germination (90%), seedling emergence percentage (81%), and seedling vigor index (614).

Plant phenolics and flavonoids function as antioxidants that act as scavengers of free radicals in the human body. This study aimed to determine the total phenolics and flavonoids contents, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), free radical scavenging ability, chlorophyll contents, and total amounts of carotenoids of six medicinal plants viz. Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze, Eclipta prostrata (L.) L., Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug.DC., Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob., Origanum vulgare L., and  Oxalis debilis Kunth. The results reveal that L. glutinosa has the maximum amount of total phenolic content (TPC) (1.906 mg GAE g-1 FW) and total flavonoid content (TFC) (13.933 mg QUE 100g-1 FW), while the lowest TPC (0.2803 mg GAE g-1  FW) was observed in O. vulgare and the least TFC (1.6 mg QUE 100g-1 FW), was observed in A. indica. The leaves of L. glutinosa showed excellent antioxidant properties (IC50 = 6.24 mg mL-1), and G. oppositifolius showed the least antioxidant potential (IC50 =18.423 mg mL-1). Pigment content such as chlorophyll-a was highest in E. prostrata (1.5963 mg g-1), while L. glutinosa has the highest chlorophyll-b (2.176 mg g-1 FW), chlorophyll-(a+b) (3.6157 mg g-1 FW), and carotenoids (1.61 µg 100g-1 FW) content. A strong linear correlation (DPPH, R2 = 0.8688, FRAP, R2 = 0.8595) was found between TPC and antioxidative capability. L. glutinosa contains significant amounts of phenols and flavonoids, which have antioxidant qualities, suggesting the possibility of using this species in phytotherapy and pharmacy.