This study investigated how profitable and technically effective rice farming was in Quan’ Pan Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria. Using a multistage sample method, 120 respondents were drawn. The study’s findings proved that the farmers were 40 years old on average. The men were higher in numbers constituting 81.0% of the study population. 83% of the people were married and a greater number (81%) of them had at least some form of formal education with a typical household size of 9 persons. Findings from the study also showed that the farmers owned an average of 2.0 hectares of farmland and had acquired an average farming experience of 12 years. For the most of them (78.0%), farming was their primary occupation. The result also demonstrated that 78.0% never accessed credit or bank loans for farming as majority (63%) of the respondents acquired their farmlands through inheritance. The entire cost (total cost) of farming operation/ha incurred by the farmers was 139733 while the average output obtained per hectare was 699kg at a prevailing market/selling price of 285/kg. The total revenue (TR) measured in naira value of 199, 215 was realized. Gross margin (GM) and net farm income (NFI) stood at 70932 and 59482 respectively. The return on investment (ROI) was 0.42 meaning that for every naira spent on rice production, a profit of 0.42 is made. Age, educational level, farm size, farming experience and extension contact all had positive direct relationship with net income from rice production at 1%. The rice growers’ mean technical efficiency score was 0.659. Major constraints to rice production were high fertilizer prices (72%), inadequate capital (53%), lack of improved seeds (47%). The research suggests that government should subsidize farming inputs like recommended fertilizer and herbicides so as to reduce the over bearing cost burden of these inputs on farmers. Financial institutions should make credit facilities available and affordable to the farmers.

The aim of the study is to be determine the effect of lactose hydrolysis and sugar content on physicochemical properties, sensory profile and HMF (5-hydroxymethylfurfural) content in Dulce de Leche (DL). Lactose free (lactose-hydrolysed) dairy products as well as low sugar products have been developed to supply consumer demand. Two different sucrose concentrations, 16% and 20%, were used in milk jam samples produced by the traditional method. For the formation of desired colour and flavour in the Dulce de Leche, Maillard reaction products are mainly responsible. HMF is Maillard reaction indicator analysed in this work. Fat, protein, solid content, ash, lactic acid and pH analysis were carried out. Sucrose, glucose, fructose and lactose concentrations were determined. Lightness, yellowness and redness as colour parameters of DL samples were evaluated and sensory analyses were also performed. It has been revealed that lactose hydrolysis causes significant changes in the color parameters and sensory profile of the samples. In this study, less or no HMF was detected in the lactose hydrolyzed DL samples compared to the control samples.

Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl. , known as ‘Methnane’ in Algeria, is a widely medicinal plant used in folk medicine. In the present study, In vitro antioxidant activity of T. hirsta extracts and the impact of extraction solvent polarity on the antioxidant potential were investigated. Three types of polar solvents with decreasing polarity were chosen; water for decocted extract, methanol-water at 50% and absolute methanol for macerated extracts. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were evaluated and showed a high amount wihch decreases with increasing polarity. Antioxydant activity was assessed with different methods: ABTS assay for evaluation of scavenge activity, CUPRAC and reducing power for assessement of the reduction potential of T. hirsuta areal parts. The results showed that T. hirsuta areal parts exhibited a strong scavenging activity with significant difference between extracts in terms of their polarity. In the same line, the most polar aqueous decocted extract exhibited a considerable reducing activity followed by hydromethanolic and methanolic extract with increasing potential. These findings suggest the suitability of polar solvents for the extraction of phytochemical compounds from T. hirsuta areal parts and so, their antioxidant activity against several radicals and ions.

Our phytochemical study focused on the leaves of Citrus deliciosa of Algerian origin, in order to evaluate its antioxidant activity and its acute toxicity, using scavenger activity of DPPH radicals, ABTS and acute toxicity. The ethanol extract of Citrus deliciosa contains 85.62 ± 2.24 μg /mg dried matter and 3.02 ± 0.17 μg/mg dried matter. The antioxidant activity was confirmed against the DPPH radical (IC50 = 252.07 ± 0.02 μg /mL) and ABTS (IC50 = 398.26 ± 0.01 μg /mL). No mortality or abnormal behavior was observed in mice at oral doses less of 1600 mg/kg. According to the results obtained, Citrus deliciosa leaves exhibit significant antioxidant activity and are safe at levels lower than 1600 mg/kg B.W., which supports their application in phytotherapy, pharmaceutical biotechnology, and the food sector for therapeutic or preventive purposes.

Due to the increase in food-borne diseases, especially in recent years, consumers' orientation to healthy products and their emphasis on consumption force producers to environmentally friendly products. Nitrogen is the most widely used plant nutrient in the world. Nitrogen, a very expensive input due to its excessive use, pollutes the environment and causes nitrate accumulation in plants. Therefore, vegetable growers strive to replace chemical fertilizers such as nitrogen with environmentally friendly and cost-effective sources. PGPRs stand out in this regard and at the same time, their potential in environmentally and consumer-friendly vegetable production needs to be revealed. In this study, the importance and potential role of N2-fixing PGPR are discussed for the improvement of yield and yield components in environment-friendly vegetable production for healthy human nutrition.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Trakya Bölgesi’nde iklim değişikliğinin buğday bitkisinin verimine etkisini modellemektir. Bu amaçla, çiftçi tarlasından alınan 2020-2021 dönemi buğday verim değeri, aynı yıla ait iklim verileri kullanılarak LINTUL model ile hesaplanan verim değeri ile karşılaştırılarak kalibre edilmiş ve daha sonra HadGEM2-ES ve MPI-ESM-MR küresel iklim modellerinin RCP4.5 ve RCP8.5 senaryolarından elde edilen iklim verileri ile 2031-2040, 2041-2050, 2051-2060, 2061-2070 ve 2071-2080 dönemleri için verim değerleri tahmin edilmiştir. Ekim ve hasat tarihleri değiştirilmeden iki şekilde verim tahmini yapılmıştır: Birincisinde, ortalama en düşük ve en yüksek sıcaklık, solar radyasyon ve yağış değişimi dikkate alınarak verim hesaplaması yapılmıştır. İkincisinde ise solar radyasyon değerleri 2004-2021 dönemi için sabit tutulurken, ortalama en düşük ve en yüksek sıcaklık ve yağış değişimleri hesaba katılmıştır. Birinci yaklaşımda, HadGEM2-ES modelinin RCP4.5 ve RCP8.5 senaryoları için tahmin edilen verim değişimleri sırasıyla %1,5-%7,5 ve -%7,5-%7,5 arasında hesaplanırken, MPI-ESM-MR modeli için yine aynı sırayla %9,0-%13,4 ve %3,0-%16,4 arasında simüle edilmiştir. İkinci yaklaşımda, HadGEM2-ES modelinin RCP4.5 ve RCP8.5 senaryoları için tahmin edilen verim değişimleri sırasıyla %4,5-%9,0 ve -%7,5-%7,5 arasında hesaplanırken, MPI-ESM-MR modeli için yine aynı sırayla %10,4-%13,4 ve %4,5-%19,5 arasında tahmin edilmiştir. Verim tahminlerinde sıcaklık ve yağışla birlikte solar radyasyonun etkisinin de mutlaka göz önünde bulundurulması gerektiği; Türkiye’nin diğer bölgelerinin aksine iklim değişimi ile verimin genelde artış yönünde olacağı tahmin edildiğinden gıda güvencesi için Trakya Bölgesi tarım arazilerinin değişimine izin verilmemesi gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Bu çalışmada tahıl benzeri bir tohum olan chianın glutensiz top kek üretiminde kullanılabilirliği ve keklerin bazı özellikleri üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla chia unu altı farklı oranda (%0, 2, 4, 6, 8 ve 10) pirinç unu ve mısır unu karışımı ile ikame edilerek top kek üretimi yapılmıştır. Formülasyonda chia unu kullanımı, glutensiz top kek örneklerinin karbonhidrat ve enerji hariç diğer tüm kimyasal özelliklerinde artışa neden olmuştur. Chia unu ikame oranının artışına bağlı olarak keklerin özgül hacminde ve pişme kaybında artışlar gözlenirken, kek verim değerlerinde düşüşler gözlenmiştir. Chia unu kullanımı ayrıca keklerin toplam besinsel lif, antioksidan aktivite ve toplam fenolik madde değerlerini de önemli derecede etkilemiştir. Keklerin duyusal değerlendirmesinde genel beğeni açısından en yüksek puanı kontrol örneği alırken, chia unu ikameli kekler kontrolden daha düşük puanlar almıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar chia ununun özellikle besinsel ve fonksiyonel açıdan glutensiz top kek formülasyonu geliştirilmesinde kullanılabileceğini ve böylece çölyak hastalarının tüketebileceği ürün yelpazesine çeşitlilik kazandırılacağını göstermiştir.

Çalışmanın temel amacı; Son yıllarda Türkiye ve Konya İlinde kuru fasulye üretim alanlarının daralması ile insan beslenmesinde önemli bir yeri olan kuru baklagillerin üretiminde çiftçilerin karar kriterlerinin belirlenerek önceliklendirmek ve öneri geliştirmektir. Türkiye’de kuru fasulye üretim alanı ve miktarı bakımından uzun yıllar ilk sırada yer alan Konya İli ilk sıradaki yerini kaybetmiş olmasına rağmen, Türkiye’nin kuru fasulye üretim alanının %16,14’üne, üretim miktarının %18,7’sine sahiptir. Üretim miktarı bakımından Konya ilinin %31,61’ini oluşturması bakımından Çumra ilçesi araştırma alanı olarak seçilmiştir. İşletmelerin kuru fasulye üretim kararlarına etki eden faktörlerin belirlenmesinde Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi (AHP) yöntemi kullanılmıştır. İşletmeler geçmiş tecrübelerinden yararlanarak üretim karalarını belirlemektedirler. Kuru fasulye üretim kararlarını etkileyen temel kriterler; verim, fiyat, işgücü, su ihtiyacı, pazarlama kolaylığı, mekanizasyon, girdi maliyetleri, yetiştiricilik bilgisi, toprak yapısı, desteklemeler olarak belirlenmiştir. İşletmelerin kuru fasulye üretim kararını etkileyen en önemli faktör  “verim” kriteri olmuştur (%20,01). Bunu sırasıyla fiyat (%13,5), girdi maliyetleri (%11,9), Su ihtiyacı (%11,8), pazarlama kolaylığı (%11,2), mekanizasyon (%8,3), işgücü(%6,8), yetiştiricilik bilgisi (%6,3), toprak yapısı (%5,6), desteklemeler (%4,7) olarak belirlenmiştir. Devletin çiftçilere bu yönde verim artırıcı girdilerin zamanında ve uygun dozda kullanmaları yönünde farkındalık kazandırılması gerekmektedir. Yine çiftçilerin yeni teknikleri ve girdileri kullanabilmeleri için ise desteklemelerin iyileştirilmesi olarak önerilmektedir.

In this study, the bioclimatic comfort status for tourism was determined through PET using RayMan model in the case of rural settlements of Kırklareli/Kofçaz located in the northwest part of Turkey. For calculating the thermal comfort index of PET in RayMan, monthly average temperature, relative humidity, and wind measurement long- term values between 1980-2018 with respect to 13 climate stations located within the borders of Turkey and Bulgaria were used and interpolated with the IDW method in ArcGIS program. Afterwards, seasonal, and monthly climatic maps were established regarding annual average temperature, relative humidity and wind speed. The maps obtained were classified according to the comfort zones that determine the bioclimatic comfort and the bioclimatic comfort map of the study area was created. As a result of the assessments performed, it has been determined that the bioclimatic comfort situation varies temporally and spatially. The results obtained from the study will be effective in determining the period and place preferences in tourism planning, determining rural development-oriented strategies, and ensuring the quality of life and comfort of the relevant stakeholders. It will serve as a reference for the climate-sensitive approach targeted in upper-scale plans and policies within the scope of combating climate change.

Fish consumption choices are impacted by the socioeconomic aspects of customers. A field survey was done in 2022 with the purpose of (i) measuring the frequency of fish consumption, (ii) studying the socioeconomic characteristics of customers and their preferences; and (iii) researching the variables impacting the consumption of fish by consumers in the Siraha district. A sample size of 102 individuals was selected randomly from the Siraha district, including the Lahan Municipality, Dhangadhimai Municipality, and Golbazar Municipality, to ensure representation across diverse socio-economic backgrounds. Data was collected using a questionnaire administered to the participants. Respondents (58.8%) overwhelmingly prefer to eat fish more than twice a week, throughout the year or particularly in winter. Rohu (Labeo rohita) and carp (Cyprinus carpio) are the most often eaten fish species. The frequency of fish-consumption shows a strong connection with income level and education level. The stepwise multiple regression model explained 58.1% of the overall variation in fish consumption. The market structure is not sanitary, the price of fresh fish is expensive, and the consumption frequency of customers is impacted, particularly for poor socio-economic groups. boosted by a variety of various legislation, marketing, and advertising methods. In addition, consumers should be dispersed throughout the year rather than exclusively in particular seasons.