Organic Agricultural products are natural food products that are checked and certified by authorized institutions at all stages of cultivation and presented to the consumer. In this study, the knowledge and practices of soil agriculture farmers in Amasya province about Organic Agriculture production were investigated by face-to-face survey method. In the survey, the local producers were asked what Organic Agriculture is in general, their status of producing Organic Agriculture, whether they fulfill the Organic Agriculture requirements for Organic Agriculture production. The obtained data were presented numerically and proportionally. Data were also analyzed with the Decision Tree method using the CART (Classification and Regression Tree) algorithm. According to the findings, although the local farmers declared that they knew what Organic Agriculture was at a high level, it was seen that none of the producers fulfilled the requirements of Organic Agriculture in practice. According to the survey data, while the farmers reported that they received the information about Organic Agriculture from TV-radio and the internet to a large extent (58.5%), a very small percentage (11%) stated that they received training. According to this result, it has been concluded that the local farmers do not have enough information about Organic Agriculture, but the lack of information can be easily eliminated via TV-radio and the internet. As a result, it was concluded that Amasya farmers do not have sufficient information about Organic Agriculture production for now, but if appropriate training is provided, successful Organic Agriculture production output can be achieved.

Se condujo un estudio para determinar el efecto de los principios de manejo del Sistema Agroforestal Quesungual (SAQ) en la dinámica de nitrógeno (N) y fósforo (P) del suelo y el impacto de estos en su productividad en el sur-occidente de Honduras, Centroamérica. Se compararon cinco sistemas: (1) tala-y-quema (TQ); (2, 3 &amp; 4) SAQ de <2, 5-7 y <10 años, respectivamente; y (5) bosque secundario. Prácticas locales fueron aplicadas para producir maíz, Zea mays, y frijol, Phaseolus vulgaris, con (101 kg N + 55 kg P /ha en maíz, y 46 kg N + 51 kg P /ha en frijol) y sin fertilización. Las evaluaciones incluyeron descomposición y liberación de nutrientes de la biomasa, mineralización aeróbica de N, fraccionamiento secuencial de P, fraccionamiento por tamaño-densidad de materia orgánica del suelo, y rendimiento. Similitudes en la dinámica del N indican que el SAQ y TQ son igualmente eficientes proveyendo N, aunque en el SAQ como resultado de procesos biológicos. Los reservorios de P fueron más dinámicos y favorables en el SAQ, con menos flujos hacia formas no-disponibles. Basado en la disponibilidad de nutrientes y el rendimiento, el SAQ es una opción factible al sistema TQ en agroecosistemas de pequeña escala. | A study was carried out to determine the effect of management principles in the Quesungual Slash and Mulch Agroforestry System (QSMAS) on the dynamics of soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and their impact on QSMAS’ productivity in southwestern Honduras, Central America. Five land use systems were compared: (1) Slash-and-burn traditional system; (2, 3 and 4) QSMAS of <2, 5-7 and >10 years old, respectively; and (5) Secondary forest. Local practices were applied to produce maize Zea mays, and bean Phaseolus vulgaris, with (101 kg N + 55 kg P /ha for maize, 46 kg N + 51 kg P /ha for bean) and without addition of fertilizers. Measurements included decomposition and nutrient release from biomass, aerobic mineralization of N, sequential fractionation of P, size-density fractionation of soil organic matter, and crop yield. Similarities in N dynamics indicate that QSMAS and slash-and-burn system were equally effective in providing N, although in QSMAS it is also result of a biologically mediated process. P pools in QSMAS were more dynamic and favorable by reducing their flows towards unavailable forms. Based on nutrient availability and grain yields over time, QSMAS could be a suitable option to replace the slash-and-burn system in smallholder agroecosystems.

Se condujo un estudio para determinar el efecto de los principios de manejo del Sistema Agroforestal Quesungual (SAQ) en la dinámica de nitrógeno (N) y fósforo (P) del suelo y el impacto de estos en su productividad en el sur-occidente de Honduras, Centroamérica. Se compararon cinco sistemas: (1) tala-y-quema (TQ); (2, 3 & 4) SAQ de <2, 5-7 y <10 años, respectivamente; y (5) bosque secundario. Prácticas locales fueron aplicadas para producir maíz, Zea mays, y frijol, Phaseolus vulgaris, con (101 kg N + 55 kg P /ha en maíz, y 46 kg N + 51 kg P /ha en frijol) y sin fertilización. Las evaluaciones incluyeron descomposición y liberación de nutrientes de la biomasa, mineralización aeróbica de N, fraccionamiento secuencial de P, fraccionamiento por tamaño-densidad de materia orgánica del suelo, y rendimiento. Similitudes en la dinámica del N indican que el SAQ y TQ son igualmente eficientes proveyendo N, aunque en el SAQ como resultado de procesos biológicos. Los reservorios de P fueron más dinámicos y favorables en el SAQ, con menos flujos hacia formas no-disponibles. Basado en la disponibilidad de nutrientes y el rendimiento, el SAQ es una opción factible al sistema TQ en agroecosistemas de pequeña escala.

the Quesungual Slash and Mulch Agroforestry System (QSMAS) on the dynamics of soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and their impact on QSMAS’ productivity in southwestern Honduras, Central America. Five land use systems were compared: (l) Slash-and-burn traditional system; (2, 3 and 4) QSMAS of <2, 5-7 and >lO years old, respectively; and (5) Secondary forest. Local practices were applied to produce maize Zea mays, and bean Phaseolus vulgaris, with (101 kg N + 55 kg P /ha for maize, 46 kg N + 51 kg P /ha for bean) and without addition of fertilizers. Measurements included decomposition and nutrient release from biomass, aerobic mineralization of N, sequential fractionation of +, size-density fractionation of soil organic matter, and crop yield. Similarities in N dynamics indicate that QSMAS and slash-and- burn system were equally effective in providing N, although in QSMAS it is also result of a biologically mediated process. P pools in QSMAS were more dynamic and favorable by reducing their flows towards unavailable forms. Based on nutrient availability and grain yields over time, QSMAS could be a suitable option to replace the slash-and-burn system in smallholder agroecosystems.

Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) is a building material that has gained importance recently because it can easily and spontaneously settle in high buildings, where pouring conditions with frequent reinforcement are difficult. Agricultural structures, on the other hand, are structures that involve many units such as plant and animal barns, storage buildings and residences, and require care in their design and construction. In this study prepared for this purpose, it is used in concrete by replacing marble dust and fly ash with cement in concrete that will be used in agricultural structures. The main factor in these studies is to obtain information about the behavior of KYB with marble powder and fly ash, its fresh properties as well as its effect on durability, as well as to calculate the cost of marble powders in SCC with superplasticizers and similar chemical additives. Within the scope of the study, different ratios of marble powder (MP) and fly ash (FA) mixtures were created instead of OPC 32.5 and OPC 42.5. 100 mm cubic samples were prepared with the prepared mixtures and some of the physical properties of these samples were determined in 3th, 7th and 28th days. Samples were compared with SCC concrete values with traditionally produced references. As a result, it has been determined that the contribution of fly ash to SCC is more effective than the contribution of waste marble powder and can be used as powder material. In terms of cost, it has been observed that it will provide advantages in agricultural structures thanks to the high strengths obtained.

O objetivo foi comparar três substâncias tensoativas na dosagem do teor de enxofre disponível de solos tiomórficos. Foram coletadas 12 amostras de solos no Estado do Espírito Santo - Brasil e, em Córdoba - Colômbia. Para avaliar o efeito das substâncias tensoativas na preparação de 20 ml de suspensão de leitura, tomou-se 5 ml da suspensão e adicionou-se 15 ml de reagente de trabalho (RT). Os 15 ml de RT teve 0.8 g de BaCl2 e os tratamentos foram: 8 mg goma arábica, ou 0.15 ml tween ou 30 mg álcool polivinílico. Além de disso, foi aplicado 0.15 ml de HNO3 50 mmol/lt para que o pH das suspensões de leitura ficassem entre 3 e 3.3. O enxofre foi extraído com Ca(H2PO4)2, 500 mg/lt de P, em HOAc 2 mol/lt e determinado por turbidimetria. Para comparação das substâncias tensoativas de dosagem, se realizaram três repetições por método de dosagem e os dados obtidos foram analisados pelo teste de 't' e para comparação entre os métodos dosagem foi aplicado o teste estatístico de identidade de dois métodos. Pode-se concluir que a sustância tensoativa goma arábica apresentou o melhor desempenho em termos operacionais, mas também é possível o uso de álcool polivinílico para dosagem na quantificação de S-SO4(2-). | The objective has been compare three surfactants in dosage of sulfur available in acid sulphate soils. Were collected 12 Soil samples in the State of Espírito Santo - Brazil and in Córdoba -Colombia. To evaluate the effect of surfactants in the preparation of 20 ml suspension of reading, has been selected 5 ml of suspension and was added 15 ml of working reagent. The 15 ml had 0.8 g of BaCl2 and the treatments were: 8 mg gum arabic, or 0.15 ml Tween, or 30 mg polyvinyl alcohol.In addition to this, was applied 0.15 ml of HNO3/lt at a concentration 50mmol, in order that pH of the reading suspensions had been between 3 and 3.3. The sulfur was extracted with Ca (H2PO4)2, 500 mg/lt P in HOAc 2 mol/lt and determined by turbidimetry. For comparison of the surfactants were used three replicates by dosage and the data were analyzed by 't' test, to comparison between two methods was applied statistical test of identity of two methods. It can be concluded that the surfactant gum arabic showed the best performance in operational terms, but it is also possible to use polyvinyl alcohol for the quantification of S-SO4(2-).