This study was carried out in Rize province in 2016, on fresh leaf samples collected from an organic tea plantation. In this study, the aim was to determine the effect of pruning age (1st year, 3rd year and 5th year following the last pruning) and diurnal variability on antioxidant activity and dry matter rate in tea leaves depending on shoot periods. When the pruning age was considered, the highest antioxidant activity was obtained from the plants which were in 5th pruning age in the 1st shoot period with 4991,1 μmol FeSO4/g dw. In terms of the same trait, the effect of pruning age on antioxidant activity during the 2nd shoot period was insignificant, while the highest antioxidant activity in the third shoot period was obtained from 1st pruning age with 7229.2 μmol FeSO4/g dw. As a general average, considering intraday collecting time, antioxidant activity in leaves collected in morning (07.00) and at noon (12.00) was very close to each other, while the collected leaves in the evening (17.00) had higher values. The dry matter rates obtained from the 1st, 3rd and 5th pruning ages were 23.45%, 25.23% and 25.45% respectively. When the shoot period was considered, the lowest dry matter rate was 20.17% in the first shoot period and the highest dry matter rate was 28.8% in the 2nd shoot period and high values were obtained from the leaves collected at noon.

Bu çalışmada; Osmaniye’de demir, çelik ve metal sanayi işletmelerinin üç ayrı bölgesinden mesafeye bağlı olarak örneklenmiş toprakları ile bu işletmelerden uzakta bulunan Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi kampüs topraklarının bazı iz element [Cu, Mn, Fe ve Zn (mg/kg)] içerikleri ve karbon mineralizasyonu (28°C, 45 gün) karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Karbon mineralizasyonu için CO2 respirasyon yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Tüm topraklarda iz element içeriklerinin sınır değerlerden düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sanayi Tesisleri yakınından örneklenmiş 1 nolu toprağın karbon mineralizasyonu [15,0 mg/C (CO2)/100 g KT] 4 nolu kampüs toprağından [30,0 mg/C(CO2)/100 g KT)] anlamlı düzeyde düşük bulunmuştur. Benzer durum dört toprağın karbon mineralizasyon oranları arasında da gözlenmiş olup Sanayi Bölgesi’nin üç toprağın da yine kampüs toprağından anlamlı düzeyde düşük bulunmuştur. Tüm bu bulgular toprakların karbon mineralizasyonu ve iz elementi içeriklerinin Sanayi Bölgesi’nden uzaklaştıkça değişmediğini; toprakların organik karbon ve azot içerikleri ile pH’larına bağlı olarak değişebileceğini ortaya koymaktadır.

The use of antagonist microorganisms against pathogenic organisms in organic agricultural systems was promising for biological control approach. The aim of this study was to determination of the potential biological control of some fungal isolates which characterized as endophytic and antagonistic against soil borne Fusarium culmorum (FC) and F. oxysporum f.sp. radicis lycopersici (FORL) pathogens. For this, seven isolates of endophytic Acremonium spp. that isolated from healthy wheat plants and eight isolates of antagonist Trichoderma spp., isolated from soil of organic vegetable areas, were performed as biological control agents (BCA). The agar media with hypha and mycelia of the BCAs and spore suspensions (106 spores/ml) of FC and FORL were treated for inoculation of wheat seeds and tomato seedlings. The harvested plants were statistically analyzed by some parameters (severity of crown rot disease (%DS and scale), plant lengths (cm) etc.). In conclusion, the Acremonium isolates (47.5%) were lower means of disease severity than Trichoderma isolates (74.6%) for FC and FORL assessments in wheat experiment. In tomato, the averages of disease severity between Acremonium and Trichoderma were similar while their means were lower than positive control (The Scale of DS=0.67

Sahlep powder is obtained by drying and grinding after the plant tubers of the Orchidaceae family removed from the soil. Sahlep powder, which is unique to Turkey, is used in Maras ice cream, sahlep beverage and medicine production. There is a growing interest in healthy nutrition in the world. This increasing is increased the demand for functional food. Whey proteins are increasingly used in foods in recent years due to the functional compounds they contain. In this study, it was tried to increase the functional properties of sahlep using Whey proteins. For this purpose, different Sahlep powder was prepared by using Whey protein concentrate (WPC 35%), demineralized whey protein powder, milk powder, sahlep, sugar, starch, cinnamon and ginger. The different Sahlep produced were made into sahlep beverage with water and pH, viscosity and sensory analysis were made. As a result of the analyzes made, the use of Whey proteins statistically affected the viscosity value of the sahlep beverage. It was determined that the use of different whey proteins affected the color, taste and smell values of Sahlep. As a result of the sensory evaluation performed by the panelists, sahlep beverage produced in 25% whey protein concentrate (WPC 35%) + 75% milk powder mixture was preferred. It is may be suggested to produce sahlep powder and sahlep beverage by using 25% whey protein concentrate (WPC 35%) + 75% milk powder mixture.

The plants can only use the around 50% of the applied nitrogenous fertilizer. It has been observed that the dynamic fertigation applications help to improve the fertilizer effectiveness. In the dynamic fertigation approach, water and plant nutritional elements are calculated and determined according to the plant dry matter generation rate and root volume. Smart agriculture is an knowledge based decision making approach established upon quantification and observations of the changes in each level of production. With this system, saving can be provided by only supplying the plant’s daily need of water and fertilizer and preventing the excess irrigation and fertilizing, so yield increase can be achieved by keeping away the plants from the stress conditions. Agricultural production can be increased five times by irrigation but shortening in water sources and decrease in quality reasoned by fast growing are restricted of irrigation which is the main user of freshwater sources. Increasing the water and fertilizer effectiveness with the smart irrigation techniques which can save water and fertilization management applications are the essential strategies to be able to reach the yield increase in order to supply the growing food needs of developing population and help to minimize the environmental damage. In the study, the researches and applications related to smart irrigation and fertilization were tried to be included in a wide scope and tried to keep a light to obtain higher yield with less water and fertilizer use in agriculture.

The Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are microorganisms that live symbiotically with plant roots and have many benefits to soil and plants. In this study, some effects of AMF which are known to be soil and plant beneficial, have been evaluated and solution proposals have been put forward against heavy metal and salinity stress in the soil. Salt accumulation and high concentrations of heavy metal in the soil affects negatively the microbial diversity and activity. Removal of salt acumulation and heavy metal from contaminated soil by chemical and physical methods is both very expensive and ineffective. Therefore, AMF are important for alleviating the heavy metal and salt stress in plants. AMF can alter plant physiol¬ogy and root morphology, increase the uptake of nutrients and water from the soil through an extensive hyphal network, decrease the use of chemical fertilizer, interact with other soil microorganisms plant growth promoting, induce of some resistance parameters in the plants and produce the glomalin which develops the properties and structure of soil. AMF are eco-friendly solutions according to traditional methods and the use of suitable plant-fungi combinations increases the chances of success of these applications.

The physical and chemical characteristics oven dried millet flour from dehulled millet soaked in different media was studied. Depigmented oven dried dehulled millet flour was produced by soaking dehulled millet in different solutions; water, 1% NaCl, 1% Na2CO3, and 1% citric acid. All samples were soaked in their respective solution for 12h, dried in the oven at 60oC for 6h then milled into flour and sieved through 710µm mesh size. The physical properties of oven dried dehulled millet; colour had L* (whiteness value), a* (redness values), and b* (yellowness values) that differed significantly ranging from 66.74 to 84.21, 0.85 to 1.43, and 6.89 to 12.69 respectively. The minimum, mean and maximum particle size distributions of samples ranged from 9.53 to 23.41µm, 29.09 to 50.15µm and 59.46 to 176.01 µm respectively. Starch granules in micrographs of oven dried depigmented millet flours were irregular, compact and polygonally shaped. Gelatinization properties of oven dried millet flour; the onset temperature (To), peak temperature (Tp), end set temperature (Te) and enthalpy varied significantly ranging from 70.15 to 97.65 o C, 79.48 to 102.31 o C, 83.30 to 104.96 o C, and 6.70 to 28.41 (J/g) respectively. Chemical properties comprising of moisture, fats, ash, protein, crude fiber, pH, total titratable acidity, pH of soak solution, phytates and tannins varied significantly ranging from 10.19 to 10.88%, 4.27 to 4.61%, 0.71 to 1.19%, 7.25 to 8.67%, 1.00 to 1.08%, 4.35 to 8.45, 0.001 to 0.084%, 3.32 to 9.93, 0.60 to 0.62, 1.84 to 6.45mg/g and 3.06 to 6.68 mg/g respectively. Depigmenting dehulled millet by soaking in 1% Na2CO3 impaired the colour of sample ODMF2 while depigmenting dehulled millet grains by soaking in 1% citric acid solution for 12 h improved colour of sample ODMF1.

In this research, the effects of dam age and type of birth and sex of lambs on birth weight of Akkaraman lambs was investigated at village conditions in Konya province. Additionally, the heritability and repeatability of birth weight was estimated. The Least-squares means of birth weight was 4.07±0.04 kg. The effects of dam age, year, birth type and sex on birth weight were found statistically significant. The heritability and repeatability of birth weight were found as 0.052±0.04 and 0.130±0.04, respectively.

Policy makers need to know the relationship among energy use, economic growth and environmental quality in order to formulate rigorous policy for economic growth and environmental sustainability. This study analyzes the nexus among energy consumption, affluence, financial development, trade openness, urbanization, population and CO2 emissions in Ethiopia using data from 1970–2014. The ARDL cointegration results show that cointegration exists among the variables. Energy consumption, population, trade openness and economic growth have positive impact on CO2 in the long-run while economic growth squared reduces CO2 emissions which confirms that the EKC hypothesis holds in Ethiopia. In the short-run urbanization and energy consumption intensify environmental degradation. Toda-Yamamoto granger causality results indicate the bi-directional causality between energy consumption and CO2 emissions, CO2 emissions and urbanization. Financial development, population and urbanization cause economic growth while economic growth causes CO2 emissions. Causality runs from energy consumption to financial development, urbanization and population which in turn cause economic growth. From the result, CO2 emissions extenuation policy in Ethiopia should focus on environmentally friendly growth, enhancing consumption of cleaner energy, incorporating the impact of population, urbanization, trade and financial development.

Bu çalışma, 2008-2010 yılları arasında Geçit Kuşağı Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü ve Selçuk Üniversitesi iş birliğinde TÜBİTAK tarafından desteklenen araştırma sonuçlarına göre, sulu koşullarda Bezostaya1 ekmeklik buğday çeşidiyle, erken dönem azot uygulaması (ekim + kardeşlenme) 0, 4, 8 ve 12 kg N da-1, başaklanma zamanında ise yaprak solüsyonu (üre formunda) olarak 0, 2, 4 ve 6 kg N da-1 seviyeleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Araştırmada, geleneksel azotlu gübre uygulama zamanında (ekim + kardeşlenme) uygulanan değişik azot seviyeleri başaklanma zamanında bayrak yaprak klorofil kapsamları (SPAD) ve bayrak yaprak toplam azot kapsamları (TN) açısından bir varyasyon yaratılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, başaklanma zamanında yapraktan uygulanan azotun tane protein kapsamında en az %1 artış sağlayacağı NSPAD kritik eşik değerleri, Bezostaya1 için 0,95 olarak bulunmuştur. TN için bulunan kritik eşik değerleri ise, Bezostaya1 için %4,31 olmuştur. Her bir kg da-1 N miktarının tane protein kapsamında sağladığı artış, Bezostaya1 için, erken kullanımda %0,18, geç kullanımda %0,30 olmuştur. Ayrıca, protein ve ilgili kalite unsurları üzerine hem erken, hem de geç azot kullanımı etkili olmakla birlikte, başaklanma döneminde yapraktan solüsyon olarak uygulamanın daha etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu özelliklerden, tane protein kapsamı ile SDS sedimentasyon (r=0,93**), Uzama kabiliyeti (r=0,96**), uzayabilirlik (r=0,96*), hamur gelişme süresi (r=0,87**), tolerans değeri (r=0,56**) ve enerji değeri (r=0,89**) parametreler arasında istatistiki olarak önemli düzeyde korelasyon vermiştir.