Consumer demands for raw or unprocessed foods increased due to consumers’ awareness of the importance of a healthy life. However, searching alternative techniques instead of heat treatment is an important issue for the industry in order to enhance the microbiological quality. Non-thermal techniques are encouraged because of their effectiveness on the preservation of natural aroma, flavor and microbiological quality without causing any change in the structure of the product. Plasma technology is one of these alternative techniques. Plasma technology, known as the fourth state of matter, is known as the partial ionization of positive and negative ions, free radicals, charged particles and molecules in electron and photon form. Plasma is usually forms or formed by electric or electrical discharge or by a strong radiation effect. Plasma is classified according to its temperature, thermal equilibrium, and pressure. Cold plasma technique is used in foods for contaminated surfaces and cleaning of medical instruments. In this review, plasma technology applied to foods and their effects are presented.

The world’s population is increasing day by day, and the need of the energy and food is increasing at the same rate. As it is known, facilities which engaged in agricultural activities take a large share of the world’s industrial pie, so the pollution sparked by the activities of these industries is also uncondescending. Energy production from organic wastes exposed as a result of agricultural activities is an important working area; damage to the environment will also be reduced by the recovery of the wastes. In this study, hydrogen gas production from organic wastes released by agricultural activities will be demonstrated. In addition, literature review on the state of hydrogen energy from organic wastes in the world and in Turkey will be carried out.

Geographical indications and designation of origins is an industrial property right describing a product originated from any region or attributable to any region due to its quality, reputation or other characteristics. Particularly, the geographical indications (GI) provide information about the raw material or final products’ geographical roots to consumers and characterize the degree of its quality. Two types of GI were defined: Protected Designations of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI). On the other hand, the products that cannot be registered as a designation of origin or geographical indication could be registered as Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG) products specialty guaranteed if it can be proven that the product is on the traditional market for at least 30 years. The main goal of this research is to examine Turkey’s current status about labelled geographic agricultural material with a comparative statistic overview.

Tuber samples were collected from Kırklareli province on the 10th of August 2020 and they are identified by implementing both traditional methods and molecular phylogenetic analysis using the rDNA sequences including Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) and 28S Ribosomal Large Subunit (LSU) regions. By taking into account the high sequence similarity between the collected samples (ANK Akata 7351) and the truffle species Tuber fulgens Quél. the collected specimen was regarded as T. fulgens and the morphological data also consolidated this finding. As a result, T. fulgens was reported for the first time from Turkey. A short description of the newly reported species is given along with its macro and microphotographs, and spore images taken by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Additionally, ITS and LSU rDNA based evolutionary history of the specimen is provided with phylogenetic trees.

The amount and area of the leaves should be at an optimum level in order to maintain the product quality and not to adversely affect the vine growth. Because carbohydrates, which are essential for omca and are mostly stored in fruit and wood, are formed by leaves after photosynthesis. Leaf area can be used in many areas. Among these, photosynthesis capacity and plant growth rate may. Various tools and methods (planimetry, leaf area meter, width-product, weight-area calculation, image processing programs, etc.) are used in determining leaf area. In this study, 3 American grape rootstocks (5BB, 110 R, 1103 P) and 5 grapes (Alphonse Lavallée, Italıa, Mıchele Palierı and Narince, Yalova İncisi) were used as material. 20 shoots with 15-25 nodules were taken from the rootstocks and varieties of the omca and the leaves were photocopied according to the order of the node. The actual field values of the leaves were measured with a planimeter. Leaf stem and leaf width and length of the leaves were also measured. Regression analysis was performed between leaf stem, leaf blade width and length, leaf blade × length values and real area. The maximum leaf area on one shoot was 5 BB (2484 cm2) from rootstocks and Narince (2126 cm2) from varieties. All three rootstocks gave the average value of the leaf found in 9th node. In terms of node number, which gives an average value according to the varieties, Alphonse Lavallée, Mıchele Palierı and Yalova İncisi varieties came to the forefront in 11th node. The 13th in Narince cultivar and the 12th in Italia cultivar gave the closest value to the average.

In developing nations Nigeria inclusive, most of the cereals grown are for human consumption. Conventional feedstuffs use in livestock production especially in poultry enterprise has intensified the competition for available grains. Consequently, the cost of poultry production is jacked up. Since poultry provides most of the animal protein consumed either in the form of meat or egg, exploring tropical vegetables as a route of escape to reducing the cost of feeding will be a great gain in the poultry enterprise. Tropical vegetables especially the African leafy vegetables (ALVs) are economical and highly nutritive possessing good levels of vitamins, minerals, protein and essential amino acids. The mineral constituent of some tropical vegetables as well as their nutritive impact on the performance, meat quality, egg quality in broiler and laying birds as presented in this review paper. Although, the availability of ALVs all year round, its moisture content level and presence of anti-nutrients may tend to limit its usage in poultry feed, adopting irrigation techniques and improved seedlings as well as exploring the processes of enhancing the nutritional value of ALVs to combat anti-nutrients to tolerable levels by the birds make it possible to be considered as good alternative in poultry diets.

Çalışmada Türkiye ve Karadeniz Bölgesinin önemli balıkçılık yerlerinden olan Sinop il merkezinde balık tüketim tercihlerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın özelliği gereği iadesiz seçim gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın birincil verilerini, anket yoluyla elde edilen veriler oluşturmuştur. Verilerin analizinde; betimletici istatistikler, ki-kare uyum testi ve regrasyon analizinden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırmada denek sayısını belirlemek için; n=Npqta2/[(N-1)d2+ pqta2] formülünden yararlanılmıştır Katılımcılardan %58’i balıketinin sağlıklı olduğunu belirtmiştir. En çok tükettikleri etin balıketi olduğunu belirtenlerin oranı sadece %21’dir. Deneklerin tamamına yakını (%94) balığı taze olarak tüketmeyi tercih etmektedir. Haftada en az bir kez balık tüketenlerin oranı sadece %2 iken, en yüksek oran (%48) on beş günde bir tüketimdedir. Deneklerin yarısına yakını (%45) balıketini ızgarada pişirerek tüketmeyi tercih etmektedir. Balıketi tüketenlerin %90’ı deniz balığını tercih ederken, %71’i balık satış yerlerinin bir arada olmasını istemektedirler. Ayrıca deneklerin %49’u balık sakladıklarını belirtmiş ve balık saklayanların %82’isi soğuk muhafaza, %16’sı tuzlama ile balık saklamayı tercih ettiklerini belirtmişlerdir. Soğuk muhafaza yoluyla balık saklayanların %74’ünün geliri 3000 TL ve üzeri gelir seviyesine sahiptir. Tuzlama yoluyla balık saklayanların her gelir grubuna dağılmış olması, yöredeki kadim kültürden kaynaklandığını söyleyebiliriz.

The fisheries sector makes significant contributions to the economy for the animal nutritional needs of the people, industry, employment and national income. In particularly the aquaculture sector is one of the fastest growing sectors in Turkey with a growth rate of 11%. Antalya is one of the provinces with an importance in the aquaculture sector. Unfortunately, it is not possible to use this potential efficiently either as the province is also a major tourism destination. As a matter of fact, cage nets in the province have been moved to further locations due to tourism. However, there are still 78 active aquaculture facilities in Antalya, including 73 trout and 5 seabream-seabass. These businesses are performing about 2% of Turkey's aquaculture production. As of 2017, aquaculture production amount in the province was 5,693 tons/year. There are 5 fishing shelters in Antalya in 2017. These are located in Konyaalti, Alanya, Finike, Kas (Center) and Kas (Kalkan) regions. However, the number of landing points cause some confusion and problems in terms of control. For this reason, it is requested to open a Seafood Wholesaler in the province. The fisheries and aquaculture production was 6,779 tons/year in Antalya and 1680 tons in 2016, 1898 tons in 2017 and 2359 tons/year as of 2018 were exported.

This experiment was conducted in Antsokia Gemza district, Ethiopia in 2017/18 to evaluate the effect of intra-row spacing on bulb quality and storability of onion varieties. A 4×4 factorial experiment with four different varieties (Adama Red, Bombay Red, Melkam and Shendi) and four levels of intra-row spacing (5.00, 7.50, 10.00 and 12.50 cm) was laid on randomized complete block design with three replications. Data were collected on bulb quality attributes and storability and subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using statistical analysis system (SAS) computer software 9.1. The mean separation test was done by list significant difference (LSD) test at 5% probability level. Simple linear correlation analyses between and among the different parameters were made using Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Accordingly, most of the parameters were significantly affected by intra-row spacing and variety. Variety Melkam exhibited the highest bulb diameter, bulb length, bulb dry matter content and bulb fresh weight. Melkam and Adama Red were with the lowest weight loss in storage while Bombay Red and Shendi scored the highest weight loss in storage. Most of the bulb quality parameters were significantly highest at the widest intra-row spacing of 10.00 and 12.50 cm. However, there was no significant variation between 7.50 and 10.00 cm intra-row spacing on average bulb weight which is considered as the most important bulb quality parameter for the producers from the market point of view. Weight loss was higher at the widest intra-row spacing for all varieties. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the bulb quality and storability of onion in Antsokia Gemza district can be optimized through cultivating variety Melkam at intra-row spacing of 7.5 cm.

Turkish geography in terms of socio-economic and socio-cultural aspects, are miniatures of Turkish civilization. We see that the culture of “imece” has come into play as an example of solidarity in rural areas, which constitute the cornerstone of Turkish geography and where the power of the state cannot reach. “Imece which is defined as “the gathering of many people and performing the work of a person or a community together and thus finishing the works in order”; It partially complies with the applications in the Anatolian geography. Some definitions will be made without examining the site; The culture of the “salma-salvage” function, which is defined as “collecting money from every house by the decision of the elderly committee to see the works in the villages”, is mixed with the solidarity of imam. As there is no coercion in the living “imece” culture, it is usually a collaboration based on voluntary aid to the person who feels the need. On the other hand, “Cooperatives” emerged as a search for solidarity and mutual aid in order to solve the problems arising from the livelihoods and working conditions of the working class after the French revolution and spread to all countries of the World. The first cooperative in the field of consumption was founded by 28 weaving workers in England as “Rochdale pioneers” in 1844 and applied the basic rules adopted by the International Cooperatives Association (ICA) as principles of cooperatives. Known as the first cooperative established in Turkey, “the ark of the Homeland” organization close to two out of the past century when, although we are not able to say that cooperatives Umeda received adequate road. An agricultural country as defined in Turkey, Turkish society is at the core of “shared work” desired revitalizing the cultural development of cooperatives should be provided.