In spite of the low grain yield they produce, the hulled wheat have become even more important in recent years because of their resistance to negative environmental conditions and healthy nutritional content. The research was carry out in order to comparison the yield and yield characteristics of durum (Kiziltan-91 and C-1252), hulled (Einkorn and Emmer) and bread wheat (Tir) varieties in Isparta ecological conditions in 2013-14 and 2014-15 vegetation periods. In both years, the highest grain yield was obtained in Kiziltan-91 variety (3992 and 3758 kg ha-1 respectively). The grain yield of hulled wheats in the first year (Einkorn 1269 kg ha-1, Emmer 2125 kg ha-1) was around Turkey averages. However, grain yield decreased of commercial wheat varieties due to the negative effect of high amount of rainfall in June in the second year, but considerably increased in (Einkorn 2150 kg ha-1, Emmer 2533 kg ha-1). N uptake was found to be lower in the than durum wheats. In terms of grain protein content, the highest values were obtained in Emmer variety (16.4%-15.3%).

Bu çalışma, Kırşehir İlinde yetiştirilen Akkaraman ırkı koyunlarda gebeliğin son döneminde yapılan ek yemlemenin kuzularda doğum ve çeşitli dönemlerdeki ağırlıklar üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi amacı ile yapılmıştır. Araştırma materyalini, 580 baş Akkaraman koyunu ve bunların 2015 doğum sezonunda doğurmuş oldukları 554 baş Akkaraman kuzusu oluşturmuştur. Akkaraman koyunları iki gruba ayrılmıştır. Her iki gruba da buğday samanı gebelik süresince verilmiştir. Ek yemleme grubuna (EYG), gebeliğin son döneminde buğday samanına ek kesif yem (400 gr/hayvan) verilmiştir. Kontrol grubuna (KG) ise gebelik süresince sadece buğday samanı verilmiştir. Araştırmada kuzuların çeşitli dönem canlı ağırlıkları, yaşama güçleri ve Akkaraman koyunlarının bazı döl verim özellikleri incelenmiştir. Akkaraman koyunlarında döl verim özelliklerinden kısırlık oranı, doğum oranı, ikizlik oranı, yavru atma oranı, koç altı koyun başına kuzu sayısı ve doğuran koyun başına kuzu sayısı değerleri EYG ve KG gruplarında sırasıyla %12 ve %9, %86 ve %91, %13 ve %5, %2 ve %0, 0,96 ve 0,95, 1,12 ve 1,04 olarak bulunmuştur. Kuzularda yaşama gücü 90. gün ve 120. günde EYG ve KG gruplarında sırasıyla %84, %80 ve %91, %91 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Akkaraman kuzularının doğum, 90. ve 120. günlük yaştaki canlı ağırlık ortalamaları EYG ve KG gruplarında sırasıyla 5,82±0,06 kg, 30,94±0,44 kg, 35,91±0,09 kg ve 3,43±0,05 kg, 30,17±0,39 kg, 30,84±0,39 kg olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ek yemlemenin, cinsiyet ve doğum tipine göre, doğum ağırlığı ve 120. gün yaş ağırlığı üzerine etkisi önemli bulunmuştur. 90. gün ağırlığı bakımından ise sadece doğum tipinin etkisi çok önemli bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, gebeliğin son döneminde yapılan ek yemlemenin kuzuların doğum ve 120. gün ağırlıklarını artırdığı tespit edilmiştir.

This paper provides a detailed overview of the current situation of the coffee sector in the Rwandan economy and identifies the possible challenges that the sector is currently facing. The study has identified the economic and the livelihood indicators for farmers who are engaged in coffee production and also gives the Rwandan coffee sector’ situation and its position in the global coffee market. Also, the research has found out that in Rwanda, nearly 500,000 farmers produce coffee along with other crops, notably beans, savory banana and corn and found out that in 2012, coffee accounted for almost 30 percent of Rwanda’s total export revenue. On the other hand, the study revealed that the sector throughout all the coffee production process, has undergone different challenges especially climate change as it is reported by the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal resources. A low yield was reported in 2007 and climate variability was quoted among the causes. Insufficient rainfall in the last three months of 2006 (the period of coffee flowering) proceeding the short dry season in the first two months of 2007 was recorded. The reduced rainfall was also poorly distributed across coffee growing regions in Rwanda. In addition, the research revealed that even though the area under coffee production is increasing, the coffee production is decreasing due to unexpected climate change and variability in current years and also the improper use of chemical fertilizers by coffee farmers is very critical. The study concluded that adding value to the coffee supply chain of Rwanda is adding direct economic benefits and important indirect social benefits to the lives of individuals and to the health of communities in Rwanda. Moreover, more effort should continue to raise the profile of the Rwandan coffee sector suggesting that proper use of chemical fertilizers, solid marketing channels and climate change adaptations measures would be the fair ways of making the sector more profitable and considering national targets to increase coffee export revenues, a few simple measures to improve the performance of the sector could have substantial effects on the country’s economic growth.

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye opilionid faunası endemizm açısından değerlendirilmekte ve bu grubun Türkiye’nin biyolojik zenginliği içindeki mevcut durumu ve önemi ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla ülkemiz otbiçenleri üzerine yapılmış olan çalışmalar incelenmiş ve 6 familyaya ait 35 tür ve 2 alt türün endemik olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu türlerin familya ve cinslere göre dağılımı belirlenmiş ve grafiklerle gösterilmiştir.

Water loss kinetics in osmotic dehydration of cone-shaped fruits and vegetables was modeled on the basis of diffusion mechanism, using the Fick’s second law. The model was developed by taking into account the influences of the fruit geometrical characteristics, initial water content of fruit, water diffusion coefficient in fruit, and the water concentration in hypertonic solution. Based on the obtained model, it was shown that the water diffusion coefficient and the initial water concentration of fruit have direct effects on the dehydration rate and also inverse influence on the dehydration duration. The geometrical parameters of fruit and water concentration in hypertonic solution showed direct effect on the dehydration duration as well as inverse effect on the dehydration rate. The presented model seems to be useful tool to predict the dehydration kinetics of cone-shaped fruit during osmotic dehydration process and to optimize the process prior to perform the experiments.

In this study, the threat categories of locally endangered orchid species were sampled over an area of covering 187 km2 in Mersin, Adana, Hatay and Kahramanmaraş provinces of Turkey. Periodic observations were carried out in 44 sampling plots specified within three bioclimatic belts, namely the Mediterranean-montane, the sub-Mediterranean and the Mediterranean. 34 orchid species were identified under the genera of Cephalanthera (L.), Comperia (Steven.), Dactylorhiza, Epipactis (L.), Himantaglossum (Boiss.), Limodorum (L.) Ophrys, Orchisand Serapias (Burm.fil). The results revealed that six orchid species were growing in the Mediterranean-montane zone, 20 species in the sub-Mediterranean zone and 23 species in the Mediterranean zone. According to the resources of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) the threat categories were reported for only 12 out of 13 species. Local threat categories of this study showed some differences when IUCN data were considered. 34 orchid species identified in this study and 12 species were evaluated under Critically Endangered (CR) threat category. It was found that 11, 7, 2 and 2 species were under EN, VU, NT and LC respectively. Therefore, Orchid species sampled from the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey have been categorized on the basis of the threat categories identified by the IUCN.

The objective of this study was to develop a rapid infrared technique to determine 10 key quality parameters (sucrose, glucose, fructose, reducing sugar, 5-HMF, °Brix, moisture content, water activity, pH and free acidity) in honey by using new generation portable and handheld devices. The composition of honey samples (n=59) collected from different parts of Turkey was analyzed by using established reference methods, giving wide range of concentrations for each parameter. The levels of sucrose and 5-HMF in some samples were above the established regulatory limits (Codex Alimentarius and European Union standards), indicating possible adulteration or process and storage abuse. Spectra were collected by using portable Fourier-Transformed infrared (FTIR) and handheld NIR (Near Infrared) spectrometers. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) approach was used to correlate the spectral features with compositional reference values, giving strong linear correlation coefficients and standard errors of prediction. Although both systems performed similarly, portable FTIR system was superior in predictions of sucrose, 5-HMF and free acidity while portable NIR system performed noticeably better for °Brix and moisture content. The data indicates that all of the 10 parameters can be measured within the minutes using both systems, providing reliable screening capabilities, flexibility and the potential for in-field applications.

Escherichia coli is an emerging public health concern in most countries of the world. It is an important cause of food-borne human disease. The present study assessed the prevalence and determined the antibiotic resistance patterns of E. coli from raw milk marketed in Chittagong, Bangladesh. Of the raw milk marketed in Chittagong ~33(18%) of the 186 raw milk samples of it contains E. coli, indicator bacteria for any enteric pathogens. The mean viable count of total bacteria was 4.04×108 cfu/ml and the mean viable count of E. coli in the contaminated raw milk was 1.88×106 cfu/ml. E. coli from only six (18.2%) of the 33 positive samples yielded colourless colonies across the CT-SMAC, suggesting the probable presence of populations belonging to the serotype O157 and rest of the isolates 27 (81.82%) produced coloured colony on CT-SMAC considering the probable presence of populations belonging to the serotype non-O157. Growth of probable E. coli O157, as evidenced by the colourless colonies on CT-SMAC compared to coloured colonies from other bacteria. Confirmed isolates were further subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test using the Agar disc diffusion technique. Antibiotics susceptibility profile showed that all the isolates in case of E. coli O157, penicillin (100%), tetracycline (100%), amoxicillin (83.33%) and erythromycin (83.33%) were the most resistant whereas ciprofloxacin (66.67%), gentamicin (50.0%), and streptomycin (50.0%) were the most sensitive antibiotics. In case of E.coli non-O157 susceptibility profile showed that chloramphenicol (40.74%), erythromycin (40.74%) and oxacillin (37.04%) were the most resistant whereas ciprofloxacin (70.37%), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (S/T) (59.26%) and gentamycin (55.55%) were the most sensitive antibiotics. The antimicrobial resistance exhibited by E. coli O157and non-O157 strains in this study is an indication of possible antibiotic abuse.

This study focuses on empowering women both in peri-urban and rural areas through mushroom production. It was conducted in Kampala Metropolitan area-Uganda, during October 2016. It focused on estimating profits, conducting benefit-cost analysis/ratio (BCR) and return on investment (ROI), finding reasons as to why women involved in the mushroom production and identifying the constraints of mushroom farming from the perspective of women as well as the possible solutions to the constraints. 29 women were interviewed face to face through the use of the questionnaires. The study revealed an average net profit of 3,464.28 US dollars, BCR of 3.84 and ROI of 2.84 per farm in a period of three months. Our study revealed that mushroom production is a profitable enterprise for women. The major reason for women to involve in mushroom was to earn income. However, a range of other reasons was given such as fast maturity of mushrooms, availability of market, healthy benefits of mushrooms, etc. were the most important reasons. The problems faced by women farmers were ranked from the most pressing problem to the least pressing problem in this order; Low market prices per kilogram of mushroom, scarcity of cotton during some seasons, poor quality mushroom spawn supplied to farmers by breeders, inadequate extension, and advisory services were the most observed problems among others. The suggested solutions were organizing farmers into groups or cooperatives in order to negotiate for better markets locally and abroad together with the help of government, researchers to carry out more research on the suitability of other substrates like bagasse other than relying on only cotton, ensuring that mushroom spawn breeders conform to the set standards of quality spawn production and re-equipping local extension workers with knowledge regarding mushroom production among others.

Bifora radians M. Bieb. Dünya genelinde çok geniş yayılım alanı bulan Asya’ya özgü tek yıllık bir yabancı ottur. Geniş bir ekolojik toleransının ve yüksek rekabet yeteneğinin olması, B. radians’ı buğday yetiştiriciliği yapılan alanlarda sorun haline getirmiştir. Herbisitlere dayanıklılığın, popülasyon dinamiğinin bilinme gerekliliği ve demografik verilere duyulan ihtiyaçtan dolayı bitkilerdeki varyasyon çalışmaları önem arz etmektedir. Asetolaktat sentez inhibitörü herbisitlere dayanıklı 29 ve duyarlı 22 olmak üzere 51 lokasyondan toplanan B. radians popülasyonları morfolojik ve biyolojik farklılıklarına göre karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuçlara göre parametre verileri dayanıklı ve hassas popülasyonlar arasında belirgin farklılığı göstermiş ve bu çeşitlilik benzer lokasyonlar için de geçerli olmuştur. B. radians genotipleri arasındaki morfolojik ve biyolojik çeşitlilik; coğrafi lokasyonlar, farklı aktif maddeli ve farklı etki tarzlarına sahip herbisit uygulamaları, yetiştirilen ürünler ve uygulanan farklı tarımsal uygulamalar nedeniyle meydana gelebilmektedir. Yabancı ot popülasyonları arasındaki farklılık biyolojik ve kimyasal mücadele çalışmalarını etkileyebilmektedir.