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Microbiological Quality of Raw Meat Sold in Tokat Province Full text
2019
Nilgün Öncül | Zeliha Yıldırım
According to World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 600 million people fall ill after eating contaminated food and 420 000 die every year. Although various foods can serve as sources of foodborne illness, meat has been at the forefront of societal concerns in recent years. Meat is source of some foodborne pathogens which have an important role on human health. In this study, it was aimed to examine the microbiological quality of raw bovine meat samples sold in Tokat province and to evaluate the results in the context of food safety. For this purpose, 18 raw meat samples purchased from butchers and markets were analyzed for total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, total psychrophilic aerobic bacteria, yeasts-molds, lactic acid bacteria, B. cereus, S. aureus, C. perfringens, total coliform, and fecal coliform. The presence of E. coli, E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. were also investigated in these samples. The lowest and highest values determined for the parameters were as follows: total mesophilic aerobic bacteria 1.46×104-1.26×107 CFU/g, total psychrotrofic aerobic bacteria 1.01×104-2.65×106 CFU/g, yeasts-molds 3.00×103-1.70×104 CFU/g, lactic acid bacteria 2.70×103-3.60×104 CFU/g, B. cereus ˂102-7.20×104 CFU/g, S. aureus 2.60×103-2.57×105 CFU/g, C. perfringens ˂102-9.20×103 CFU/g, total coliform 3.80×101-2.90×104 MPN/g, and fecal coliform
Show more [+] Less [-]Effects of Agricultural Applications on CO2 Emission and Ways to Reduce Full text
2019
Caner Yerli | Üstün Şahin | Talip Çakmakcı | Şefik Tüfenkçi
Global warming, which has been increasing in recent years, is due to the increasing amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The agricultural sector, which has a 25% share in greenhouse gas formation, plays an important role in global warming. CO2, which has a share of 82% among greenhouse gases, is shown as the most important greenhouse gas. It is estimated that 10% of the CO2 in the atmosphere is missioned from the soil. When soil organic carbon, which is an indicator of soil fertility, is released into the atmosphere as CO2, N and S compound gases return to the earth and it causes inefficient soil as well as global warming. Organic carbon is a source of CO2 emissions when the soil is mismanaged. The organic carbon in the soil is transformed into CO2 with loosening of the soil and accumulates in the atmosphere, after it exposure to temperature and oxygen. Unconscious tillage and irrigations increase the physical and biological activity of the soil and cause CO2 emissions from the soil. CO2 emission, which is the main cause of drought, needs to be reduced with low cost, easy and practical applications. At the beginning of these applications, can be listed reduced tillage, deficit irrigation, reduction of fertilizer usage, reuse of agricultural wastes and agricultural management of wastewater. In this review, it is aimed to investigate CO2 emission effect of soil tillage depth and tools, exhaust gases of the vehicles used in soil tillage, the amount of irrigation water and irrigation methods, deficit irrigation, irrigation with wastewater, precipitation, plant factor, fertilization, properties and temperature of soil. In addition, approaches that can be applied to reduce CO2 emission are mentioned.
Show more [+] Less [-]Acetylcholinesterase, Specific Acetylcholinesterase and Total Protein Concentrations in the Brain Regions of Broiler Chickens Fed Dietary Monosodium Glutamate Full text
2019
Olumuyiwa Joseph Olarotimi | Imoleayo Sarah Oladeji | Olufemi Adesanya Adu | Francis Ayodeji Gbore
The study was carried out to examine the effect of varied levels of dietary monosodium glutamate on acetylcholinesterase, specific acetylcholinesterase and total protein concentrations in the brain regions of broiler chickens. Three hundred (300) day – old unsexed Abor – acre chickens were randomly assigned to diets: A, B, C, D, E and F containing 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 and 1.25 g/kg MSG respectively. Each treatment was replicated 5 times with 10 birds per replicate. The birds were fed ad – libitum and provided with clean water for 8 weeks (56 days) after which 2 birds per replicates were slaughtered. The brains were removed, dissected into different regions comprising of the olfactory lobe, pineal body, optic lobe, cerebellum and the medulla oblongata. The different parts of the brain were homogenized to determine the acetylcholinesterase and total protein which were also used in the assessment of the specific acetylcholinesterase of the brain. No significant differences were observed in the acetylcholinesterase activity of the olfactory lobe, pineal body, optic lobe, cerebellum except for the medulla. Likewise, the dietary monosodium glutamate did not influence the activities of the total protein and specific acetylcholinesterase of the olfactory lobe portion of the brain. The dietary monosodium glutamate exerted significant effects on the total protein of other brain parts studied and which invariably resulted in significant changes in the specific acetylcholinesterase of the optic lobe, cerebellum and medulla except for the optic lobe. This study revealed that monosodium glutamate added to broilers diet above 0.75 g/kg significantly altered the concentration of the brain acetylcholinesterase, total protein and specific acetylcholinesterase thereby impaired brain functions.
Show more [+] Less [-]The Evaluation of Irrigation Water Resources of Manisa Region in terms of Soil, Plant and Drip Irrigation System Full text
2019
Pınar Doğan | Üstün Şahin
The Evaluation of Irrigation Water Resources of Manisa Region in terms of Soil, Plant and Drip Irrigation System Full text
2019
Pınar Doğan | Üstün Şahin
Chemical quality analysis results of 5 surface and 30 groundwater resources commonly used in agricultural irrigation in Manisa province were evaluated and the possible effects on soil, plant and drip irrigation system were determined. In this context, the cation (Ca, Mg, Na, K), anion (CO3, HCO3, CI, SO4), Fe, B contents, pH and electrical conductivity values of the water resources as well as the Percentage Sodium, Sodium Adsorption Ratio and the Adjusted Sodium Adsorption Ratio determined by the calculation Permanent Sodium Carbonate, Langelier Saturation Index, Potential Salinity, Permeability Index and Hardness parameters were used. The results indicated that the potential of problem of surface water resources is higher than that of ground water. Salihli-Köseali, Necati bey farms and Alaşehir-Kasaplı underground water resources are used more serious problems than other underground water resources. According to the type of problem that may occur, recommendations were made on measures including washing, salt-resistant plant growing, addition of organic matter and natural Ca sources and the application of dilute acid.
Show more [+] Less [-]Adoption Spells of Improved Potato Varieties by Smallholder Farmers in Eastern Ethiopia: The Duration Approach Full text
2019
Lemessa , Sisay Diriba | Daksa, Megersa Debela | Alemayehu, Molla | Dechassa, Nigussie
Potato is mainly tagged as a food security crop in Ethiopia. However, its productivity remains low due to low adoption of improved technologies by smallholder farmers. Duration models, namely, Parametric (Weibull) and Non-parametric (Kaplan Meier) were used to analyze the data gathered from 365 sample farmers. The Non-parametric result revealed that the average duration that potato growers should wait before adopting a new variety is about 3.5 years. The Weibull regression indicated that timely availability of seed, access to labor and irrigation water, land size, and adaptation strategy by farmers are found to be factors curtailing the timeframe to adopt improved potato varieties. The regression analysis revealed that costs of inputs such as manure and compost, environmental and market factors such as drought, pest and disease outbreaks, price variability of potato seed, and quality of potato seed were found to be factors influencing adoption decisions of improved potato varieties by smallholder farmers.
Show more [+] Less [-]Postharvest Differences between Conventional and Artificial Drying of Hazelnut Full text
2019
Ali Turan | Ali İslam
This study aimed to detect the fatty acid profile and oxidative stability traits of hazelnuts dried using three different methods: artificial drying (AR), concrete ground (CN), and grass ground (GS) during 12 months of storage (2013–2014) at 20–25°C and 70–90% relative humidity. As expected, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were the main fatty acid group (81.75–83.59%) followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids (10.20–11.48%) and saturated fatty acids (5.38–6.96%). Samples dried in AR had more MUFA (83.59%) than sun-dried (CN and GS) samples. Following the drying process, the lowest peroxide value (PV) and the highest ratio of oleic-to-linoleic acid (8.27%) were recorded in samples dried in AR. At the end of storage, the PV was lower in samples dried in AR than on CN and GS methods. The results of this research showed that the AR method is the best for drying hazelnut. This research, therefore, recommends the AR method for drying hazelnuts on a commercial scale.
Show more [+] Less [-]Fish Consumption Preferences of Consumers and Determination of Criteria Affecting Fish Consumption by Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHS) Method (Tokat Province of Almus District) Full text
2019
Berrin Dal | Halil Kızılaslan | Tarık Dal
Fish Consumption Preferences of Consumers and Determination of Criteria Affecting Fish Consumption by Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHS) Method (Tokat Province of Almus District) Full text
2019
Berrin Dal | Halil Kızılaslan | Tarık Dal
In this study, fish consumption preferences of the families living in the district of Almus in Tokat province and the factors that are effective in choosing them were investigated. In the scope of the study, the data obtained from face-to-face interviews with households were used. In the study, consumers prefer which of the alternatives of rainbow trout (Oncahorynchus myciss), carp fish (Cyprinus carpio) and spring fish (Silurus glanis) consumed most of the fish species found in Almus Dam Lake, and the importance level of consumer preference in this choice. the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was determined by the AHS method. Criteria consist of price, nutritional value, taste, freshness, bone condition, sold place, habit, hunting, aquaculture. It has been determined that the most attention is paid to the freshness (0.175) in the direction of the findings and that the criteria of taste (0.136), sold place (0.133) and food value (0.122) follow. In the preference of fish consumption, Rainbow Trout criterion was given priority with 48% points. İt is aimed to determine the importance level of the criteria that are effective in consumers ‘preference of fish consumption in the direction of obtained findings and to be a guide for fish farmers and sellers.
Show more [+] Less [-]Efecto del origen, la época de recolección y la edad de las hojas en el rendimiento y el contenido de timol de aceites esenciales de Lippia origanoides H.B.K. Full text
2012
Arango-Bedoya, Oscar(Universidad de Nariño Facultad de Ingeniería Agroindustrial Grupo de Investigación Tecnologías Emergentes en Agroindustria (TEA)) | Hurtado-Benavides, Andrés Mauricio(Universidad de Nariño Facultad de Ingeniería Agroindustrial Grupo de Investigación Tecnologías Emergentes en Agroindustria (TEA)) | Toro-Suárez, Inés(Corpoica)
The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of the origin (4 localities), the plant's leaves age (young and mature) and the season (rainy and dry season) on the essential oil's (EOs) yield and thymol content of Lippia origanoides growing wild in the Alto Patía region (south-west of Colombia). The extractions were performed through microwave-assisted hydrodistillation technique (MWHD) and the EOs were analyzed by gas chromatography. Yields of EOs varied between 2.5 and 3.3% and were obtained where the origin factor showed statistical differences (P< 0.05) over the yielding. Taking into account the thymol content, differences related to the season were observed. The highest thymol content in the EOs were obtained in the dry season. The major compounds identified in the EOs were thymol (50.8 - 81.6%), r-cymene (7.5 - 19.5%) and g-terpinene (2.3 - 7.4%). | En este estudio se evaluó el efecto del origen (cuatro zonas), la época de recolección (lluviosa y seca) y la edad de las hojas (jóvenes y maduras) sobre el rendimiento y el contenido de timol del aceite esencial (AE) de plantas de Lippia origanoides, que crecen en estado silvestre en la región del Alto Patía al suroccidente de Colombia. Las extracciones de AE se realizaron mediante la técnica de hidro-destilación asistida por radiación de microondas (MWHD) y fueron analizadas por cromatografía de gases. Los rendimientos de AE variaron entre 2.53 y 3.28% y sólo se encontraron diferencias significativas (P < 0.05) para la zona de origen de las plantas. Para el contenido de timol se observaron diferencias relacionadas con la época de recolección, siendo mayor el contenido en las muestras recolectadas en época seca. Los compuestos principales identificados en los AE fueron timol (50.8 - 81.6%), r-cimeno (7.5 - 19.5%) y g-terpineno (2.3 - 7.4%).
Show more [+] Less [-]Macro-Anatomical and Morphometric Investigation of the Tongue and Lingual Papillae in the Guinea fowl (Numida meleagridis) Full text
2019
Ramazan İlgün | Nilgün Kuru | Ferhan Bölükbaş | Fatih Mehmet Gür
The aim of this study was to investigate the macroanatomy and morphometric of the tongue of the guinea fowl. Six chicks (6-7 weeks), six layer hens (9-13 weeks) and six studs guinea fowl were used to study and determine the anatomical features of the tongue of the guinea fowl. Papillae of the tongue were examined photos of the general anatomic structures were taken. Morphometry was calculated by statistical analysis. The tongue was triangular shaped, and consisted of apex, corpus, and radix sections. The papillae linguales caudales were on both sides of the corpus and radix linguae. Conical papillae were found to be sequentially V shaped at the radix. Thus, in this study, the anatomy and morphometric of the tongue of the guinea fowl tongue were examined in details and the similarities and differences between the tongue of the guinea fowl and the tongue of other poultry species were investigated.
Show more [+] Less [-]Farklı Sıcaklık ve Sürelerde Ön Kurutma İşlemine Tabi Tutulduktan Sonra Kızartılmış Glütensiz Cipslerin Yağ Absorplama Kapasitelerinin ve Bazı Fizikokimyasal İçerikleri ile Duyusal Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi Full text
2019
Ferhat Yuksel | Büşra Yavuz | Aysun Durmaz
Farklı Sıcaklık ve Sürelerde Ön Kurutma İşlemine Tabi Tutulduktan Sonra Kızartılmış Glütensiz Cipslerin Yağ Absorplama Kapasitelerinin ve Bazı Fizikokimyasal İçerikleri ile Duyusal Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi Full text
2019
Ferhat Yuksel | Büşra Yavuz | Aysun Durmaz
Bu çalışmanın amacı, glütensiz cips ürününün derin yağda kızartılmadan önce farklı sıcaklık ve sürelerde ön kurutmaya tabii tutularak nem ve yağ absorplama kapasitesinin araştırılmasıdır. Ayrıca cipsin bazı fizikokimyasal içeriği ile duyusal özelliklerinin belirlenmesi de bir diğer amaçtır. 60°C ve 15 dk’ya kadar yapılan ön kurutma neticesinde örneklerin kuru madde içerikleri artarken sıcaklık 70°C’ye çıkartıldığında azalma göstermiştir. Benzer olarak örneklerin yağ içerikleri aynı sıcaklık ve süreye kadar 19,21 g/100g dan 13,06 g/100g’a kadar azalma gösterirken daha sonraki sıcaklık ve sürelerde artış sergilemiştir. Örneklerin kül, su aktivitesi ve protein değerlerinde herhangi bir değişim gözlenmemiştir. Örneklerin renkleri ön kurutma işleminden önemli derecede etkilenmiş ve ön kurutma şartlarına bağlı olarak parlaklık ve sarılığın azaldığı, kırmızılığın ise arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Duysal analizlerde de panelistler cips örneklerine artan ön kurutma sıcaklığı ve süresine bağlı olarak düşük renk skorları vermiştir. Sertlik, tat/koku, yağlılık ve genel beğenide ise anlamlı bir fark tespit edilmemiştir. Bu çalışmada yağ içeriği azaltılmış ve daha sağlıklı glütensiz cips ön kurutma işlemi kullanılarak üretilmiştir
Show more [+] Less [-]Comparación del "Tabog" (Swinglea glutinosa Merr) con el limón "rugoso" (Citrus jambhiri Swingle) y la mandarina "Cleopatra" (C. reticulata Swingle) como porta-injerto para la lima acida ''Tahiti" (C. aurantifolia Swingle) Full text
1987
Restrepo C., Orlando | Torres M., Rodrigo | Salazar C., Raúl
At the C.N.I.-I.C.A. Palmira, fruit trees program the influence of "Tabog" Swinglea glutinosa was evaluated as rootstock for acid lime "Tahiti" Citrus aurantifolia, taking into account the following aspects: development and productivility of the trees quality and growth of fruits, demands of nutriments, and resistance or susceptibility to pest and disease; comparing its behavior with the commercial rootstocks rough, lemon C. jambhiri and mandarina, "Cleopatra" C. reticulata. | En el C.N.l. Palmira del Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (lCA), se evaluó la influencia del "Tabog" Swinglea glutinosa como porta-injerto para la lima "Tahiti " Citrus aurantifolia, teniendo en cuenta los siguientes aspectos: desarrollo y productividad del árbol, calidad y desarrollo de los frutos, exigencias de nutrimentos, resistencia o susceptibilidad a plagas y enfermedades; comparando su comportamiento con los porta-injertos comerciales limón "Rugoso" C. jambhiri y la mandarina "Cleopatra " C. reticulata.
Show more [+] Less [-]Determination of Seasonal Changes in the Fat and Fatty Acid Profiles of Saurida lessepsianus (Russell, Golani and Tikochinski, 2015) Caught from Mersin Bay Full text
2019
Mısra Bakan | Elif Ayşe Erdoğan Eliuz | Deniz Ayas
In this study, seasonal changes in the lipid and fatty acid profiles of S. lessepsianus caught from the Mersin Bay were investigated. The total lipid levels of S. lessepsianus were found to be 2.94%, 7.19%, 2.45%, 0.83%, in spring, summer, autumn and winter season, respectively. Major fatty acids in S. lessepsianus were palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in all seasons. The highest values of palmitic, palmitoleic and EPA were determined as 22.97%, 3.80% and 4.22% in spring, respectively. The highest values of stearic and oleic acid were determined as 15.93% and 7.84% in autumn, respectively. The highest value of DHA were also determined as 31.91% in winter season. The EPA level from polyunsaturated fatty acids was found in the range of 2.54-4.22% (23.09-195.62 mg/100g). The highest level of DHA were observed in the winter season and its levels changed in the range of 19.83-31.81% and was calculated as 201.29-1301.73 mg/100g. In addition, the highest level of the Σn3, Σn6, and Σn9 were calculated in the summer season as 1516.39, 114.88, 399.77 mg/100g, respectively. This report showed that fat and fatty acid profiles of S. lessepsianus are quite influenced by seasonal factors.
Show more [+] Less [-]Evaluation of Gold Nanoparticles in Terms of Their Use in Biomedical Applications Full text
2019
Burcu Biterge-Süt | Elif Canpolat
Recently nanotechnology has become an integral part of modern biomedical applications. Accordingly, nanoparticles are considered as promising components for the development of innovative tags, probes, biosensors and carrier molecules for drug delivery. Spherical colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are prime candidates to be utilized for these purposes due to their useful physical properties. However, in order for the gold nanoparticles to be used in nanomedicine, their biological properties should be extensively studied as well. Therefore, in this paper we chemically synthesized gold nanoparticles and studied their physical and biological characteristics to determine their potential use in medicine. Gold nanoparticles were synthesized by the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) solution with sodium citrate. The physical properties of the AuNPs were determined by UV–vis spectrophotometer and Zetasizer readings. The antimicrobial activity of the newly synthesized gold nanoparticles on Escherichia coli, Salmonella infantis, Salmonella kentucky, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans were investigated via disk diffusion method. We found that the AuNPs were monodisperse, stable and not prone to aggregation with an average size of 22.12 nm and an emission band at 522 nm. The disk diffusion tests revealed that the gold nanoparticles did not have a significant growth inhibitory effect on the pathogens tested. In conclusion, here we showed the successful synthesis of gold nanoparticles by a safe and non-toxic method. Furthermore, our evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of these nanoparticles suggests that these molecules could be considered as biologically safe molecules for future medical applications.
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