Acrylamide is a carcinogenic and mutagenic compound which is formed by the oxidation of the acrolein compound or the as a result of reactions between reducing sugars and asparagine amino acids. Although acrylamide is mostly seen in carbohydrate-based foods, frying, steaming and baking processes lead to formation of acrylamide also in protein containing meat products with composite structure. Type and the cycle of frying oil, the precursors present in the system, the cooking method, temperature, time and storage can be listed as factors affecting acrylamide formation in meat products. The adverse effects of acrylamide on health create a need for application of acrylamide reduction strategies. These strategies encompass the reduction of the precursor substances, heat treatment time and temperature as much as possible, addition of various cations, enzymes, amino acids and antioxidants to the system and removal of the resulting acrylamide compound from the system. In this review, it was aimed to clarify the factors affecting the formation of acrylamide and strategies for reducing the amount of acrylamide in meat products.

Tea (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most popular nonalcoholic beverages in the world. During tea infusion, both essential mineral elements and toxic metals are extracted into the beverage. In oriental countries, almost a liter of tea is consumed daily by an average adult. Thus, high toxic elements in traditional teas can be of concern. Aim of the study was to determine the essential element contents and toxic heavy metal concentrations in tea products available on the market in Turkey and comparing the contents of infusion for Turkish and Ceylon black and green tea types. The associated health risk to tea drinkers were estimated with reference to Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) Values from US EPA for adults and children. Among the essential elements in all of the black teas purchased from the market, K was present at the highest concentration followed by Mg, Ca and Al. Pb and Mn contents of several tea samples were found over the Tolerable Daily Intake levels.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is one of the important spices in the world. Nepal is the fourth largest producers of ginger in the world, which produced 271.863 MT in 2016. In Nepal, seventy districts are producing ginger and around 400.000 households are involving in the ginger farming which is the chief source of the household income. Moreover, ginger has prioritized by several policies and strategies of the Government of Nepal. This paper examined the production trend and market access of Nepali ginger considering the ginger global market. A diagnostic study of production, value addition, and the marketing system was carried out between the eastern and the western part of Nepal. The secondary information was reviewed and analysed for the study. Likewise, the key informant survey was performed for the primary data and information. For Nepali ginger, India is found constantly top destination. The result of price index suggested that Nepali ginger is losing significant potential earning by not having top most lucrative markets for fresh ginger. Moreover, the trend of the export is ever fluctuating and the result showed that trade of ginger to India in term of export is more stable from the western region as compared to the eastern region. The study found that the major determinants of ginger market access are quality of ginger produced, value addition, level of trade facilitation, and domestic production and the import of India from other countries.

As a result of the studies conducted in Bartın in 2019, it was determined that Garella musculana (Erschoviella musculana Erschoff 1874) caused damage to young shoots of Juglans nigra in the world for the first time. According to Eppo data,it is known that Garella musculana damages only in Juglans regia (major), but in this study, it has been revealed as the first record in the world that Garella musculana also causes damage in Juglans nigra (Black walnut) (young shoots).

Bu çalışma tohumluk patates yumrularına uygulanan bazı uçucu yağların patateste sürgün gücü ve kök gelişimine etkilerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla 2016 yılında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada Agria çeşidine ait dormant durumdaki tohumluk yumrular farklı konsantrasyonlarda (150, 300, 450 ve 600 ppm) İzmir kekiği (Origanum onites L.), biberiye (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), dereotu (Anethum graveolens L.), kimyon (Cuminum cyminum L.), rezene (Foeniculum vulgare L.), adaçayı (Salvia officinalis L.) ve çörtük otu (Echinophora tenuifolia L. subsp. sibthorpiana (Guss.)) uçucu yağları ile muamele edilerek kontrollü şartlardaki tohum yataklarına dikilmiştir. Araştırmada dormansi süresi, sürgün uzunluğu, sürgün sayısı, sürgün çapı, sürgün ağırlığı, kök uzunluğu ve kök ağırlığı parametreleri incelenmiştir. Uçucu yağların sürgün gelişimine etkileri değişken olmuş adaçayı, biberiye, dereotu ve çörtük yağları sürgün gelişimini teşvik ederken, İzmir kekiği ve kimyon yağı uygulamaları kök gelişimi üzerine diğer uygulamalardan daha etkili olmuştur. Genel olarak yüksek dozda yapılan uygulamalar sürgün gelişimi olumsuz yönde etkilerken, kök gelişimini teşvik etmiştir. Çalışmada, tohumluk yumrulara dikim öncesi uçucu yağ uygulamalarının sürgün ve kök gelişimini olumlu yönde etkilediği ve bu uygulamaların arazi şartlarında yapılması ile daha sağlıklı ve güçlü bitki tesisi kurulabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Soil moisture has a vital role in the cultivation of crops. Its sufficiency and availability to crop- water supplies depends on the management practices of soil and amount of available water to the soil. This study examines the influence of rice husk biochar on the water holding capacity of soil in the savannah ecological zone of Ghana. Increasing rate of rice husk biochar increased water-holding capacity of soils. 4t/ha rice husk biochar showed higher significant differences among the treatments. It is recommended that 4t/ha rice husk biochar should be applied to increase the water-holding capacity of the soil.

Gerçek zamanlı kantitatif polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (q-PCR), hem gen ekspresyonu analizinde hem de rutin Deoksiribo Nükleik Asit (DNA) ölçümünde nükleik asit miktarının belirlenmesi için kullanılan ileri moleküler bir yöntemdir. Gıda ve yem ürünlerinde genetiği değiştirilmiş organizma (GDO) kalıntıları için etiketleme eşiğinin Japonya’da %5, Avrupa Birliği’nde ise %0,9 olduğu göz önüne alındığında, doğru bir ölçüm metodu şarttır. GDO bileşenlerinin tespiti, kesin miktar tayini ve besin matrislerinde eser miktardaki kalıntısının tespit edilmesi q-PCR’da mümkündür. Bu amaçla çeşitli q-PCR kimyasalları kullanılmaktadır. Bunlar; interkalasyon boyaları, primer bazlı kimyasallar ve prob bazlı kimyasallar olarak üç gruba ayrılmaktadır. Marketlerde GDO ürünlerinin artan sayısıyla birlikte, her örnek için gerçekleştirilen analiz sayısı ve bu nedenle analiz maliyetleri artmaktadır. Bunun için GDO çalışmalarında, GDO’ların varlığının miktarını belirlemede hızlı ve ekonomik olan uygulanabilir taramalar yapılabilmesi için geliştirilmiş tespit yöntemlerine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, q-PCR kimyaları ekonomikliği, verimliliği ve uygulanabilirliği açısından karşılaştırılmıştır.

This study was carried out to determine the effect of non-genetic factors on growth and reproductive traits in Saanen goats. For this aim, total of 274 Saanen goats and kids were investigated for growth and reproductive traits in South Marmara Region of Turkey. Fertility parameters were evaluated during two reproductive years. Saanen kids were measured from birth to 6 months of life. The average live weights at birth, weaning, 60th, 90th, 120th and 180th days of age were calculated and determined as 3.05±0.04kg, 11.80±0.27kg, 12.26±0.08kg, 14.20±0.32kg, 17.41±0.45kg, 25.01±0.65kg, respectively. The effects of sex and birth type on live weights until 90th days of age; maternal age only on birth weight; month at birth on all of investigated days were found significant statistically. The pregnancy, birth rate per pregnancy (BRP), birth rate per mating (BRM), infertility, abortion, kidding rate (single, twin or triplet), survival rate (until weaning), number of kids per parturition (NKP), number of kids per mating (NKM) were found; 92.98%, 85.07%, 91.25%, 7.02%, 8.75%, 36.12%, 49.00%, 14.88%, 89.13% and 1.74±0.06, 1.42±0.07 respectively. The effects of maternal age on all rates (out of BRM and abortion rate); the year on birth, abortion, single kidding rate, survival rate and NKM were found significant for reproductive traits. The advanced reproductive performance and rapid growth rates were observed in Saanen goats. Environmental factors such as age, year, sex, birth type and month at birth were found significant on some growth and reproductive traits in Saanen. So consideration of these factors could be useful as a selection criteria in dairy goat breeding.

Due to rapidly increasing population and urbanization, agricultural lands are shrinking. However, environmental problems and pollution are constantly increasing. This poses a threat to agricultural production and food access. In order to overcome these threats, the use of fully controlled indoor production systems called plant factory is becoming widespread. The management of plant nutrition and monitor of environmental conditions is very important for production in the plant factory. Plant production is sensitive to environmental conditions. For this reason, it is necessary to make accurate measurements in order to ensure the correct climatic conditions. The high cost of control systems designed for this purpose is a problem for producers. In this study, a mini plant factory prototype and control system are presented which is developed by using open source hardware and software. In addition, the temperature, relative humidity and light measured by the low-cost sensors were compared with the reference devices and the system performance and stability were investigated.

Otbiçenler çevre şartlarından etkilenmektedir. Otbiçenler hemen hemen her habitatta bulunurlar. Tür çeşitliliği ve birey sayısı özellikle nemli ve sık bitki örtüsüne sahip yerlerde artmaktadır. Otbiçenler bir çok ekosistemin önemli ve faydalı bileşenleridir. Ayrıca ekolojik açıdan incelendiğinde hem güçlü predatörler hemde güçlü indikatör türlerdir. Antalya nemli bir il olduğundan otbiçen çeşitliliğinin fazla olması beklenmektedir. Bu çalışmada Antalya’da otbiçen türleri ile yükseklik, ilçe, toprak türü ve bitki örtüsü gibi değişkenler arasındaki ilişkilerin uyum analizi ile incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Değişkenlerin kategorileri arasında var olan benzerlikler grafikler üzerinde gösterilerek yorumlanmıştır.