This study aimed to investigate the effect of solid-state fermentation on the nutritional composition of Agaricus bisporus mushroom stalk and cap. Four homogenous test samples were prepared from the fermented mushroom stalk (Fermented MS), unfermented mushroom stalk (MS), fermented mushroom cap (Fermented MC), and unfermented mushroom cap (MC); each was independently analyzed in triplicates, providing a total of 12 independent measurements of all treatments. Nutritional changes in the mushrooms were determined by analyzing crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude ash (CA), crude fiber (CF), hemicellulose, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents. The best improvement in nutritional composition was obtained from the MS with increasing the crude protein (35 %). The results related to other parameters are similar among all the treatments, except for CF. To conclude, the fermented MS can be considered as an alternative protein resource in animal nutrition.

In recent years, environmental pollution, climate change and excessive use of natural resources have caused problems in the ecosystem. Honey bees are among the most affected by this environmental pollution. Climate change and environmental pollutants cause irregularities in colony development, the formation of weak colonies, the spread of diseases, the inability to return to the hive of field bees, and their mortality and low productivity. Turkey ranks second after China in the production of honey in the world. Honey is a strategic product for Turkey. This study investigated the effect of some environmental pollutants on honey yield in Turkey. This study used the time series analysis covers the years 1990-2017. In the research, honey yield as dependent variable, as independent variables; methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), diazot oxide (N2O) release, pesticide, insecticide, fungicide, herbicide use and industrial production index were used. After the stationary of the series was tested with ADF Unit Root test, the relationship between the variables was examined by Johansen Co-integration analysis. The effect of environmental pollutants on honey yield was tested by the FMOLS analysis method. According to the FMOLS results, the increase of 1% pesticide use, CH4, CO2, and N2O resulted in a decrease in honey yield of 0.36%, 0.70%, 0.74%, and 0.37% respectively. On the other hand, the increase of 1% insecticide, fungicide, herbicide use and industrial production index caused 0.15%, 0.14%, 0.09% and 0.84% increase in honey yield, respectively.

The unnatural change in the globe under influence of devastating global warming has been quashing the overall functioning of ecosystem since industrial revolution. Thus, the human-induced disaster caused by proportional increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has affected the normal functioning of hydrologic cycle. Under the undesirable condition, the amount of hydrologic variables began to diverge over time. Hydrologic variable should be homogeneous for the reliability of hydraulic structure while predicting necessary design criteria for its construction. Therefore, the test of whether this requirement is true should be performed in the context of any given hydrologic data’s homogeneity before being passed to the implementation of statistical approaches to the data. The study carried out in Yesilirmak basin was realized on homogeneity of seasonal maximum streamflow data from eight gauging stations operated by The General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI). Yesilirmak River basin area is approximately 5% of surface area of Turkey. Yesilirmak River is one of the major rivers of Turkey and its long is 519 kilometers. There are three main tributaries of the Yesilirmak River, named as Kelkit, Cekerek and Tersakan. Its water is mostly used for purposes as irrigation, drinking, fisheries and wildlife. The parametric and non-parametric procedures, called as standard normal homogeneity, Pettitt, Buishand range and von Neuman ratio were used for this reason. Statistically significant inhomogeneity with respect to the all of the statistic tests taken into account in the study was detected in the considered streamflow data sequences presented.

The paper attempts to explore the factors affecting the farm mechanization in Nepal, where agriculture is the primary livelihood of most people and the mechanization is crucial for efficient production and productivity. The government has also introduced a separate policy for agriculture mechanization in 2014. A primary data was collected from 300 households and analysed to assess and quantify the determinants of the farm mechanization. A descriptive analysis was carried out for understanding the data and the results were interpreted. Similarly, the multiple regression was executed to assess the factors affecting total investment in the farm machinery. The five different models were specified and compared for the better results. Moreover, to have deeper insight, the farm machinery was categorized into light machinery, heavy machinery and animal power. The results showed that light machinery is an essential part of Nepali farming system. Likewise, the presence of animal power, income per capita, per capita farm area, adaptation due to change in temperature, Household size, Farm area and income are significant determinants for total investment in farm mechanization.

Pectin is a polysaccharide found naturally in the cell walls of plants. Pectin is included in the formulation of many foods due to its functional properties. The interaction of pectin with other ingredients in foods is very important because it affects the appearance, texture and emulsion stability of the final product. With the structural arrangements provided by pectin, different hardness confectionery products, reduced fat absorption products, acidified milk beverages etc. can be produced. In this review, the pectin interactions with protein, sugar, starch and other food components and their technological applications; interactions of lipids with pectin in the body for human health; fruit and vegetable canned process with calcium interaction is mentioned.

Recent years, the increased consumer awareness on healthy food consumption and interest on traditional foods has affected goat milk and goat milk products demand positively. In this study it is aimed to identified the consumer behaviour and consumption tendencies on goat milk and goat milk products. In this context, it was designed a face-to-face survey and conducted to 518 individuals in the two south-east located cities of Turkey, Adana and Mersin. The results show that, almost 50% of the customers are consuming goat milk and its products in different forms. It is also determined that, price, health, nutrition value, digestion convenience and availability are the most effective factors on goat milk and its products consumption and purchase behaviour. Within the goat milk products, consumers are mostly preferring to consume goat cheese and they are mainly using supermarkets as the place of purchase.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, işletme sermayesi yönetiminin firma karlılığı üzerine etkisini araştırmaktır. Çalışmada BİST-100 Gıda sektöründe faaliyet gösteren 28 firmanın 2012 ve 2017 yılları arasındaki verileri kullanılarak çoklu regresyon analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada bağımlı değişken olarak aktif karlılık; bağımsız değişkenler olarak ise alacak tahsil süresi, stokta tutma süresi, nakit döngüsü, aktif büyüklük(toplam aktiflerin logaritması), büyüme oranı ve finansal kaldıraç oranı belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada aktif büyüklük, büyüme oranı ve kaldıraç oranı ile aktif karlılık arasında istatistiksel olarak pozitif yönlü anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca çalışmada regresyon analizi varsayımlarının sağlanıp sağlanmadıkları da irdelenerek, ele alınan modellerdeki değişkenler arasındaki çoklu doğrusal bağıntı ve tahmin edilen modellere ait hata terimleri arasındaki otokorelasyon problemleri de giderilmiştir.

Çalışmada, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Zootekni Bölümü, Araştırma ve Uygulama Çiftliği, Süt Sığırcılığı Ünitesi'nde yetiştiriciliği yapılan 45 Holstein ineğin süt verim kayıtlarının laktasyon eğrisi tahmin edilmiştir. Laktasyon eğrisinin tahmininde Gama fonksiyonu, Üstel fonksiyon ve Parabolik üstel fonksiyon olmak üzere üç farklı model kullanılmıştır. Modelleri karşılaştırırken kriter olarak belirtme katsayısı (R2) ve hata kareler ortalaması (HKO) kullanılmıştır. Minitab 13.0 V. paket programı yardımıyla analizler yapılmış, Microsoft Excel 2007 ile grafik çizilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda, en az hata kareler ortalamasını veren ve en yüksek R2 değerini veren model Gama fonksiyonunun modeli olarak bulunmuştur. Bu model, kullanılan modeller arasında en iyisidir. Modele ait parametrelerin önem testi yapıldığında tüm parametreler istatistiki olarak önemli bulunmuştur.

This study was conducted to compare the effect of different cover crop treatments on DTPA-extractable micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu) and soil pH in an apricot orchard with clay texture located in Malatya province of Turkey. For this purpose, 5 different experimental groups (Vicia villosa Roth (VV), Vicia pannonica Crantz (VP), Vicia pannonica Crantz and Tritikale mixture (70% + 30%, respectively) (VPT), Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth (PT), Fagopyrum esculentum Moench (FE)) and 3 control groups (mechanically cultivated (MC), herbicide treatment (HC) and bare control plot (BC)) were used in the apricot orchards. The soils were sampled from 0–20 cm and 20-40 cm depths in each plot for soil analyses. According to the obtained results, while cover crop treatments reduced pH values of soils according to the bare control, the cover crops increased the Fe, Mn and Zn contents of soils in the 0-20 cm soil depth. The highest Ext-Fe, Mn and Zn contents were obtained in the VV (14.83mg kg-1, 8.42 mg kg-1, 1.03 mg kg-1, respectively) at the 0-20 cm soil depth. As compared to bare control, highest percent increases in Fe, Mn and Zn contents were determined in the VV 27.73%, 31.69% and 37.54%, respectively. The greatest significant negative correlations in the VV treatment were observed between pH and Fe (-0.985**), between pH and Mn (-0.945**) and between pH and Zn (-0.764*). The greatest significant negative correlations in the VP treatment were observed between pH and Fe (-0.948**), between pH and Mn (-0.928**) and between pH and Zn (-0.722*). It was concluded based on current findings that cover crops, especially Vicia villosa Roth and Vicia pannonica Crantz could be incorporated into cropping systems to improve micronutrients and to provide a sustainable soil management.

Turunçgillerin küçük mücevheri olarak nitelendirilen kamkat (Fortunella spp.) Rutaceae familyasının Fortunella cinsi içerisinde yer almaktadır. Anavatanı Çin olup, 19. Yüzyıl’da Amerika ve Avrupa’ya getirilmiş ve subtropik iklimlere adapte edilmiştir. Dünyada Çin, Japonya ve Amerika’da yaygın olarak yetiştirilmektedir. Yapılan çalışmalarda kamkatın içerdiği askorbik asit, karotenoidler, uçucu yağlar, diyet lif ve flavonoidler gibi biyoaktif bileşenlerin sağlık üzerine olumlu etkileri olduğu bildirilmiştir. Kamkat meyvesi taze tüketiminin yanında reçel, marmelat, şarap, likör ve meyve çayı gibi farklı gıda ürünlerine işlenerek de değerlendirilmekte, uçucu yağı ve ekstraktları gıda ve kozmetik sektöründe kullanılmaktadır. Sağlık üzerine olumlu etkileri olduğu anlaşılan kamkatın ülkemizde son yıllarda yetiştiriciliği ve üretimi konusundaki çalışmalar artış göstermiştir. Bu derlemede kamkat meyvesinin önemli biyoaktif bileşenleri ve biyolojik aktiviteleri ile ilgili çalışmalar özetlenmiştir.