Dried apricot farms face many risks and uncertainties in Malatya, which is not only Turkey's but also the largest apricot production region in the world. Despite one of the major factors affecting farm efficiency, it was insufficient study on risk management in Malatya and even Turkey. The main purpose of the study was to measure the risk averse of dried apricot farms and to analyze of the factors affecting risk management strategies use of the dried apricot farms where an extensive production zone in Malatya. In the study, data collected from randomly selected 71 farms using questionnaires were used. The risk averse (attitude) coefficients of farmers were estimated by the “equally likely certainty equivalent” method. The factors affecting the risk management strategies choise were estimated using Multivariate Probit Model.

A survey and field experiment were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of commercial insecticides against tomato leaf miner [Tuta absoluta (Meyrick)(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)] under farmer’s field condition in Palpa, Nepal from February 2018 to April 2018. It consists of seven treatments replicated three times. The treatments included: Abamectin 0.15% EC (dose: 0.3ml/liter), Imidachloprid 17.8% SL (dose: 0.3ml/liter), Spinosad 45% SC (0.3ml/liter), Azadirachtin 300 ppm (5ml/liter), Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (0.3ml/liter), Emamectin benzoate 5% SC (2gm/liter) and control. Treatments were applied two times at 12 days interval. From the farmer survey, Tuta absoluta was identified as the major production problem of the study area. The field experiment revealed that there was a significant effect of insecticides in larval mortality and damage reduction. The lowest percentage of leaves damage was obtained in spinosad followed by chlorantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate and the lowest fruits damage was obtained in chlorantraniliprole followed by spinosad and emamectin benzoate. Similarly, the lowest larval population in both leaves and fruits was observed in chlorantraniliprole followed by spinosad and emamectin benzoate. Average mining in infested leaves and fruits was found non-significant at all days of observation. The rate of larval population reduction over control was found highest in chlorantraniliprole followed by spinosad and emamectin benzoate. Thus, chlorantraniliprole, spinosad and emamectin benzoate were superior insecticides for management of Tuta absoluta in the field condition.

In this study, antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial effect values of honeydew honey obtained from Ida Mountains region being rich in biodiversity were determined. According to the results of electrical conductivity and pollen analyses; 25 honeydew honey samples collected from the Ida Mountains region of the towns of Çanakkale province; Ayvacık, Bayramiç, Çan and Yenice. DPPH% antioxidant capacity values of honeydew honeys were found out to vary between 41.50% - 78.98%. It was also determined that some honeydew honey samples have high antioxidant capacity values such as 74.83%- 78.27%, 78.69% and 78.98%. It was determined that honeydew honey samples have antimicrobial effect on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 1301 microorganisms. It was found out that the samples have no antimicrobial effect on Bacillus cereus ATCC 6633, Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763 microorganisms.

In this research, herbivorous plants and fungus samples, naturally grown and consumed as a nutrition by the local people, were collected from Gülpınar village and Gülpınar plateau of Mesudiye district and Turnalık plateau of Ordu province. In the collected samples, the elemental analysis for Ca, K and Fe elements that are highly crucial for physiology of human being were carried out as a percentage level by using Energy Dispersive X- Ray Spectroscopy (EDXRF). According to the obtained results from the plant samples; The highest Fe content was found to be 0.01% and 0.006%, respectively, in the Ferrula communis and the Amaranthus retraflexus. In terms of the amount of Ca, the Rumex crispus and the Mentha sp. were the species with the highest values of 1.09% and 1.39%, respectively. Finally, the importance of the results obtained in terms of these elements examined and their effects on human health are discussed.

The tomato plant exhibiting leaf rolling, witches’ broom, distorted and elongated flower’s sepals in Iğdır province, Turkey, was observed. Total DNA extraction was performed from the symtomatic fresh tomato sample. All DNAs were subjected to Direct and Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with universal primer sets that amplified the 16S rRNA of phytoplasmas. PCR products were purified from agarose gel and cloned into the pGEM T-Easy cloning vector. Recombinant plasmids were introduced into the prokaryotic cloning bacteria by electroporation. Plasmid isolation was performed by selecting one of the positive clones randomly and sequencing was performed by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). Sequencing results revealed that the 16S rRNA gene associated with phytoplasma was 1251 nucleotides in size, and this sequence was denominated as ‘Iğdır 10’ isolates and recorded in the GenBank under the MT344968 accession number. The virtual restriction fragment length polymorphism (V-RFLP) and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rDNA sequence confirmed that the cause of disease in infected tomato plants was 'Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii' ('Ca. P. trifolii') (16SrVI-A, Clover proliferation group), with a 1.00 similarity coefficient. This present study is the first report of ‘Ca. P. trifolii’ and its nucleotide sequence analysis in naturally infected tomato in Iğdır province.

The primary purpose of this study is whether gender, which is a culturally and socially defined concept, affects the perception of landscape architecture. Secondly, it is aimed to determine the preferences of the designs created in landscape architecture studies according to gender and to guide the questionnaire results in the creation of areas suitable for user requests during the design phase. The concept of admiration, preference and accompanying beauty, the effect it has on people according to gender, show various differences. These differences lead to perceptual selectivity in terms of colour, texture, form, functional and aesthetically depending on gender. Therefore, tastes and preferences are not expected to be a single judgment but to vary. Since there is no possibility of face-to-face surveys due to the current Covid-19 outbreak, online surveys were conducted on 220 people who can be reached in professional groups on social media. In the content of the questionnaire, the landscape design criteria and design elements were handled, and the visuals and preferences selected for each definition were directed to the participants as questions. According to the evaluated results, differences occurred in perceptual preferences depending on gender. In addition to the fact that there was no statistically significant difference between the preferences of women and men in terms of design criteria and elements, the preferences of both groups were combined in natural or close to nature forms. Considering the proportions, there was no obvious difference in design perceptions preferred by gender.

Processing of melon plays a significant role in the livelihood of rural women as it serves as their major occupation. Despite its significant role, the women processors were faced with some challenges. This study, therefore, identified the challenges faced by women in melon processing in Enugu-Ezike Agricultural Zone of Enugu State, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from 80 respondents using a structured questionnaire coupled with an interview schedule and analysed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that the majority of the women processors were advanced in age, well experienced, do not belong to a cooperative society, and relied strictly on processing melon as their source of livelihood. They had an average income of N286,400 (USD 751.71) per annum. Low capital, poor credit facilities, high transportation cost, price fluctuation, rapid deterioration, low supply of melon, poor storage facilities, high cost of processing machine, and breakage of seed were the identified constraints facing them. The study recommended that the women processors should form a cooperative society which will help in financing and easy marketing of their products. Also, the government should provide financial assistance, good storage facilities, and subsidized melon processing machine to increase efficiency.

Syria is a middle-income developing country with an economy that heavily depends on the food and agricultural sectors. However, with the recent Syria crisis/war, which started in March 2011, Syria’s food and agricultural industries have badly been affected. While the most of the processing factories and agricultural facilities such as industrial zones, food plants, greenhouses, irrigation canals and pumps have been damaged in the conflict areas, this resulted in a huge recession in the food and agricultural productivity of Syria. It is estimated that this will impact the country to meet the future food requirements as well. In this study, the agricultural and food potential of Syria was analysed based on agricultural area, available lands, irrigation, food sectors etc. for the future planning food policies.

Sous-vide process is a cooking method for vacuumed products which are placed in a water bath or steam oven at controllable low temperatures and specific long times. This technique is widely used for cooking of meat and meat products which have limited shelf life throughout cold storage. Temperature, time and vacuum parameters used in sous-vide method are effective factors on meat quality. It is realised that meat tenderness increases with this technique due to cooking is performed at low temperatures. For the same reason, more water is retained in the texture and cooking losses are reduced. In addition to this, it is appeared that the sous-vide method provides protection of nutrient components that are water-soluble and/or adversely affected by high temperature applications, so that this method increases the nutritional value of meat. On the other hand, use of controllable cooking temperatures facilitates to reach targeted core temperatures in meat. With the help of homogeneous distribution of heat, even colour formation on meat can be observed. Oxidative reactions in the product are limited by the application of vacuum, so that product quality can be preserved for a long time. The risk of food safety as a result of low temperature applications in sous-vide cooking is eliminated by increasing cooking times. In this review, it is aimed to inform about effects of sous-vide cooking technique on meat quality under the heads of; texture, juiciness and cooking losses, colour, flavour, lipid and protein oxidation and microbial quality. Besides, the effects of sous-vide cooking method on quality parameters, different effects of sous-vide and traditional cooking methods on quality parameters were deeply discussed.