A total of 42 Turkish peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) samples were analysed for their total free amino acid, β-carotene, lycopene, and flavonoid contents, and the total phenols, glucose, fructose and sucrose in the peanut samples were determined as nutrition aspects. The average values of the total free amino acid, beta-carotene, lycopene, glucose, fructose and sucrose were determined to be 14.4 µmol g−1, 14.4 µg (100 ml)−1, 14.4 µg (100 ml)−1, 1.07 mg g−1, 0.52 mg g−1 and 2.74 mg g−1, respectively. The results reveal that the consumption of Turkish peanut samples is safe and that they contain health-enhancing nutrients.

The health and vitality of callus growth is one of the prerequisites for the success of further in vitro studies. This study investigated the efficiency of different percentage (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) of vermicompost tea as an organic substance on in vitro callus growth in sainfoin. Morpho-physiological responses of calli to vermicompost tea measured under in vitro conditions. As a result of this investigation, a combination of plant growth regulators (4 mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l NAA) with 20% of vermicompost tea causing significant callus initiation and growth in sainfoin stem explants. Under the light of these scientific findings, vermicompost tea might be used as an organic bio stimulant for efficient callus growth and complementary to commercial chemical hormones in sainfoin. This research is important due to it can contribute positively to the plant species that are difficult in terms of callus growth and plant regeneration in tissue culture.

Ensuring the olive oil quality and authenticity has become a great importance for both traditional and emerging olive oil producing countries. The chemical composition in olive oil heavily varies depending on the olive cultivar and its growing region, the agronomic applications, the olive oil production methods and the process and storage conditions. With the help of some analytical techniques and data evaluation methods, it is possible to grade olive oils in terms of their differences. This research examines particularly fatty acid composition of commercial olive oils (2017/2018 season) with mass detector coupled with gas chromatography (GC/MS). Results were evaluated for grading of them according to IOC regulations based on cultivar (ripe or unripe Ayvalik and Memecik), production (organic, stone mill, cold press, two or more centrifugation systems, filtered or unfiltered) and packing type (transparent or dark glass bottle and plastic bottle), and also their geographic origin (Ayvalik and Edremit towns, the Cunda Island, North Aegean region or South Aegean Region). According to overall data processing, virgin olive samples could be successfully distinguished in terms of theirs geographic origin and cultivar roots. Moreover, it was also explained that the effect of process and package type for grading of olive oils as ‘extra virgin’ or ‘virgin’.

In addition to having the most cultivation area and production in the world, cereals are irreplaceable in agriculture and in our life with being a basic food material. Wheat, which ranks first in terms of sowing area, is also an origin of our country and has been a basic food raw material since the beginning of history. Besides, wheat contains starch, protein, phytochemical and antioxidant substances which have an important role in human nutrition. As agricultural fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides have negative effects on the environment and human health, the interest in organic agriculture is increasing. The suspicion that pesticide, synthetic fertilizer and growth regulator residues can lead to cancer and other health problems in humans has led the researchers to focus their attention to improve of production methods that will prevent these disadvantages. Research has shown that the most reliable method of production is called Organic or Ecological or Biological Agriculture method. For these reasons, organic agriculture practices in the world have increased in the last 15 years. New breeding varieties selected in high-yielding traditional farming conditions do not sufficiently adapt to organic farming conditions. Readily available existing varieties due to yet correspond to new breeding for organic farming conditions not only yield when used in organic farming but also that they contain proteins and other useful in amounts of vitamins components also occurs a decrease. Cultivation of local varieties is becoming more attractive instead of already cultivated in marginal areas and stable yield values. For this purpose, local varieties produced in restricted regions of our country are the most suitable candidates for both breeding and organic production since they are well adapted to the regions where they are located.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the activities of the biotransformation enzymes (Glutatyon S-Transferase (GST) and cytochrome P450 (CYP1A1)) and metabolic enzyme (Lactate dehydrogenase-LDH) in the liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after 24 and 48 hour exposure to 0.5, 1.0 and, 2.0 mg l-1 of Congo red (CR). Enzyme activities were determined by using commercial kits with ELISA method. Congo red altered the activities of GST, CYP1A, and LDH enzymes in liver tissue of O. mykiss in a dose-dependent manner. The statistical differences in GST activities among the groups for 24 and 48 h were significant, but, LDH activities were significant for only 24 h. Exposure duration of CR didn’t affect the biochemical response of rainbow trout. Thus, CR exposure changed the biotransformation and metabolic enzymes, and the changes of these enzymes activities may be used as a potential bioindicator of the CR exposure.

Phenolic compounds, organic acids and microbial metabolites as well as high acid content are the main reasons behind the antimicrobial activity of vinegar against various microorganisms. The antimicrobial effect of the vinegar may change depending on raw material, production method and treatment time of the vinegar. In literature, antimicrobial effects of traditionally produced vinegars from different sources such as berry, wood, grape, apple, pomegranate, honey, blueberry, rice and industrially produced vinegars investigated. As a result, vinegars have antimicrobial effect on various gram negative and gram positive microorganisms. The aim of this review is to provide a detailed up-to-date information on the antimicrobial effect of vinegar.

Land banking is one of the systems used in the management and planning of agricultural lands. The aim of the study, to examine the land banking system and the reasons for land banking in Turkey, land banking activities with the establishment stage and examine samples in the world. Land banking in the agricultural sector contributes such as improvement in the land market, guiding the land market for sustainable development and land use planning. In addition, the land banking system is shaped according to the needs of each country and there are four approaches to how the market will have a responsibility and intervene in the market. The prevalence of small-scale enterprises, the scattered and multi-piece of farm lands, which are one of the major problems of Turkish agriculture, hinders the efficient use of resources, hampers the use of technology and threatens food security. Therefore, integrating systems such as land banking into agriculture is thought to contribute to the solution of structural problems.

This trial was realized in the greenhouses of Uludag University Yenisehir Vocational School between 2009 and 2010 to investigate effects of water deficit on yield and quality parameters of pepper during four crop growth stages. In this study, fourteen irrigation treatments in four growth periods (vegetative, flowering, yield formation and ripening) of pepper (Capsicum annuum l. Demre) were constituted and the yield and quality parameters found from these treatments were evaluated. The layout of the experiment was a completely randomized block design with three replications for each of the fourteen irrigation treatments tested. According to the content of the treatments, the irrigation amount water applied to the plants varied between 0 and 744 mm in the first year, and between 0 and 750 mm in the second year. Water consumption of pepper in the first year ranged between 320 and 760 mm and in the second year ranged between 330 and 770 mm. Yield, fruit weight, diameter, length and dry matter ratio were determined statistically significant. In 2009 and 2010 years, the maximum yield were found as 26.2 t ha-1 and 27.8 t ha-1 in V100F100Y100R100 treatments, while the minimum yield were found as 0.2 t ha-1 and 0.3 ha-1 in the V0F0Y0R0 treatments, respectively. Water- yield relationship factors (ky) in 2009 and 2010 years were found as 1.29 and 1.24, respectively. The maximum WUE and IWUE values were obtained from vegetative and ripening periods. Vegetative and ripening periods may be suggested as the maximum efficient irrigation periods for the pepper applied with drip irrigation under unheated greenhouse conditions.

Belediye çöplüğü olarak adlandırılan ve çöplerin düzensiz olarak depolandığı alanlar çevrenin yaşam kalitesini düşürmesinin yanında toprağa ve su kaynaklarına zarar vermektedir. Bu alanların en önemli etkisi depolanan çöplerin içerdiği zararlı maddelerin çevreye yayılması, toprakta birikmesi ve taban suyuna karışmasıdır. Bu çalışmada uzun yıllardır düzensiz çöp depolama alanı olarak kullanılmış olan Çorlu düzensiz çöp depolama alanının, yakınında bulunan tarım alanlarına kirletici etkisi incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla depolama alanı ile Çorlu deresi arasında kalan ve tarım yapılan alandan örneklemeler yapılmıştır. Çöp depolama alanına farklı mesafede 22 noktadan ve 3 farklı derinlikten toplam 66 toprak ve 14 bitki örneği alınmıştır. Toprak ve bitki örneklerinde Magnezum (Mg), Potasyum (K), Kalsiyum (Ca), Fosfor (P), Demir (Fe), Mangan (Mn), Bakır (Cu), Çinko (Zn) analizleri yapılmıştır. Ayrıca verilerin daha kolay anlaşılırlığını sağlamak için, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) yardımıyla makro ve mikro elementlerin dağılım haritaları yapılarak, toprak ve bitkide bulunan miktarların daha kolay anlaşılabilirliği sağlanmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre toprakların element içerikleri ile çöp alanı arasında mesafe ile ilgili bir ilişki bulunamamıştır. Araştırma alanının eğimli olması ve bahar yağışlarının topraklarda yıkanmaya neden olması toprakların element konsantrasyonunun değişmesine neden olmuştur. Ayrıca çalışma alanının tekstürü kumlu tından kile kadar değişiklik göstermektedir. Toprak analiz sonuçları kil içeriği yüksek olan noktalarda element konsantrasyonlarının nispeten yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. Toprakların kirlilik sınıflandırmasına göre tehlikeli metaller içinde yer alan Cu ve Zn sınır değerleri aşmamıştır. Bitkilerde ise Fe hariç Mn, Cu ve Zn içerikleri sınır değerleri aşmamıştır.

Gladiolus is a perennial geophyte, semi-rustice herb and belongs to the Iridaceae family. Gladiolus is an important bulbous ornamental plant. It is used as cut flowers, garden and potted plants. Turkey, which is among the major gene centers of the world and has a special place in plant genetic diversity, has rich genetic resources of geophytes including Gladiolus. However, many plant genetic resources, including Gladiolus are under genetic erosion because of the environmental and other problems and therefore face with the danger of extinction. Turkey has one Gladiolus species in IUCN Red List category. This species is Gladiolus italicus and its Red list category is Least Concern (LC). Gladiolus italicus is distributed in Macaronesia, Mediterranean basin to central Asia. Also introduced and naturalized in California. It naturally grows in many parts of Turkey. The other Gladiolus species that are reported to be under threat in Turkey are; Gladiolus anatolicus, Gladiolus antakiensis, Gladiolus halophilus, Gladiolus humilis, Gladiolus micranthus. In addition to their potential usage as ornamental plants, their usage in phytomedicine due to the medical properties of the modified stems, leaves and in other related industries increases their importance. Therefore, it is very important to protect these genetic resources of Gladiolus.