In year 2013, onsite seasonal measurements have been carried out in 4 different points of Birecik Reservoir, and water samples have been taken from surface and different depths. Physical and chemical parameters have been investigated in taken water samples. The result of analysis were obtained in the following range pH (6.98-9), temperature (9.9-26 °C), electrical conductivity (275-373 µs/cm), sodium ( 19.93-22.06 mg/L), potassium (1.-2.2 mg/L), chloride/11.68-21.4, hardness (179-210 mg/L), calcium (41.66-52.9 mg/L), magnesium ((17-18.35 mg/L), sulphate (27.92-43.48 mg/L), dissolved oxygen (7.92-8.83 mg/L), chemical oxygen (0.25-8.70 mg/L), nitrate (0.62-2.48 mg/L), nitrate (0.001-0.008), ammonium (0.01-0.07), phosphate (0.001-0.031 mg/L). The samples were compared with standard values recommended by world health (WHO). The study finalize that Birecik reservoir which was declared to be a threat to the water quality should be arrested at denitrification and nutrient control to halt the degradation of the water.

Cultivation of field crops is a challenge and risky business in sloping areas. A study was conducted as a demonstration model for the sloppy lands of Fateh Jang, Pakistan. The objectives of this study were to monitor the runoff water and soil sediment loss under different vegetative covers and slope gradients in comparison with bare fallow on each slope gradient. Three artificial slope gradients i.e., 1%, 5% and 10% were established and three crops i.e., Wheat, Gram and Lentil were cultivated on each slope gradient. Soil and water losses were quantified against each slope gradient and every cover crop for the period of 4 years. Total soil sediment losses during this study were 51% in Lentil, 30% in Gram and 25% in Wheat were lesser compared with bare soil whereas, water losses from Lentil, Gram and Wheat were 69%, 75% and 73% lesser respectively while compared with bare plots. The highest soil and water losses were monitored at 10% slope gradient following 5% and then 1% slope gradients respectively.

The protective effects of ‘ofada’ rice koji (ORK, fermented ofada rice) and ascorbic acid (AA) against lead (Pb)-induced toxicity in the blood, liver and kidney tissues of male Wistar rats was investigated. The animals were divided into four treatment groups (A – D, n = 5). Groups B, C and D were intoxified by intra-peritoneal injection of 75 mg lead acetate/kg body weight. Groups C and D only had their feed mixed with ORK and AA, respectively. The results showed no significant difference in % packed cell volume (PCV) and Pb concentrations. Feeding with ORK and AA significantly decreased alanine aminotransferase activities (36.50 ± 3.54 and 34.02 ± 0.05 UL-1 respectively) compared to Pb-only treated group (85.50 ± 3.25 UL-1). The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) for organs increased significantly following intake of feeds mixed with ORK and AA; increases in FRAP was higher for ORK-treated group possibly due to increased total flavonoids concentration following fermentation. Furthermore, Pb-induced high plasma creatinine levels decreased upon treatment with feeds mixed with ORK and ascorbic acid. These findings strongly indicated that feed supplementation with ORK by 45% may be more effective at ameliorating the effects of Pb-induced toxicity in tissues compared to supplementation with AA by 2%.

In this study, examined the economic analysis of fruit sapling producing enterprises in Hatay Province. The data were obtained from 92 enterprises by the method of full count and face to face with producers. Enterprises were classified as three groups according to the production capacity of fruit sapling trees. First group (1 to 50.000 number sapling), second groups (50.001 to 100.000 number sapling) and third group (more than 100.000 number sapling).The average gross production value is 590.083 TL in enterprises and fruit sapling sales account for 75.38% of the gross production value in enterprises. Gross output, net profit and agricultural income are calculated as 593.108 TL, 365.200 TL and 411.980 TL. In addition to the average fixed costs and variable costs are found as 80.828 TL and 109.842 TL in enterprises respectively. Also, the cost of per sapling and selling price of saplings were calculated as 1.87 TL and 3.36 TL. As a result, net margin is higher in III. group enterprises which have more production capacity than the others.

Aflatoxins are the potential carcinogens produced as secondary metabolites by Aspergillus flavus. They have the ability to contaminate large number of food which ultimately affect the human population. Malt extract agar was selected for the growth of control stains of fungus. The aim of the study was to develop a reliable and quick method for the detection of aflatoxin producing strains in peanuts by using molecular approaches. Total 80 samples of infected peanuts were collected from four different cities of Punjab and checked for their aflatoxin contamination. For aflatoxin detection, three target genes nor1, ver1 and aflR were selected which was involved in the aflatoxin biosynthesis. In all examined cases, 24 out of 80 (30%) samples successfully amplified all three genes indicating aflatoxigenic activity. Discrimination between aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic strains were also determined on the basis of amplification of these three target DNA fragments. In this study, it was also demonstrated that only specific strains were able to produce the aflatoxin contamination in peanuts.

Fermentation is the oldest traditional method in order to protect against spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. Thermal treatment, pH and water activity lowering and preservative addition other food preservation techniques that are commonly used. Although, as preservatives, many improved antibiotic and chemical agents have been gained, there are some other factors such as rapid resistance to antibiotics used in bacteria, in order to limit their use in food, to be found dimensions of threatening human health of the chemical protection and to cause allergic reactions. Recently, studies on bacteriocins that are produced by the safe bacteria, such as lactic acid bacteria, contain no toxic and adverse effects for human consumption have gained sudden intensity in accordance with the request against consumers in developing microbiologically safe and minimal processed food. There are some important effects using of bacteriocins accepted the new generation of antimicrobial agents as food preservatives such as extension of shelf life, reducing of the use of chemical preservatives and the economic loss caused degradation by microorganisms. Nisin, defined as GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) by FDA and named the E234 code 'Nisin-protective' or 'natural protective' located in the food additives list, first used in 1988 as a natural preservative by prohibiting of antibiotics using in food in the US. Nowadays in more than 50 countries, there have been more successful implementation of the nisin protected up the food from milk and dairy products to canned foods many food products

Precise estimation of the reference evapotranspiration is very important and vital in different fields such as agriculture, hydrology and meteorology. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the performance of different reference evapotranspiration methods compared to Class-A pan or E-pan over different agro-climatic regions in Egypt. In this study, Egypt has divided into several agro-climatic regions according to the average air temperature and the reference evapotranspiration from Class-A pan. These were Nile Delta in the north, middle and Upper Egypt. Four reference evapotranspiration (ETo) methods namely; Blaney-Criddle, Hargreaves, Thornthwaite and FAO-56 Penman-Monteith (PM) have been evaluated in this study. The results revealed that, there were statistically no significance between E-Pan and PM at P-value less than 0.05, while the other equations had significant differences. The Hargreaves equation reported the highest ETo value at all regions while Thornthwaite was the lowest one. The difference percentage ratios between FAO-56 Penman-Monteith, Blaney-Criddle, Thornthwaite and Hargreaves and E-Pan were 3.7, -13.3, -24.8 and 10.7 respectively. Hence, FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method has proved its capability in estimation of reference evapotranspiration over different agro-climatic regions in Egypt. Therefore, it could be used over any region in Egypt especially those have no reference evapotranspiration instruments.This study is a regional research, similar studies has been made for different regions by many researchers. Therefore, the determined results in this study can be used for regions with similar climatic conditions.

This study was conducted to reveal of future estimation of the dry bean production area, production quantity, export quantity, import quantity and supply-demand balance in Turkey. The data used in the study were obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TIS), FAO and the Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock records. The Double exponential smoothing method was used to estimate the future data. The data was used in the analysis includes dry bean production areas (ha), quantity of production, export, import and domestic use between 1994 and 2014. In the next five years (2015-2019), it was forecasted that there would be a decrease in the amount of the dry bean production areas, production quantity and export quantity whereas there would be an increase in the amount of the dry bean import quantity and domestic use. At the same time, it was expected that the amount of dry bean domestic supply would be higher than dry bean domestic demand. The reason for this surplus is high import quantity. In other words, it was foreseen that Turkey’s external dependence in dry bean will increase. In order to ensure continuity of production, it should be increase the income of dry bean producers, decrease the dry bean production cost and encourage the production. The policies to prevent domestic prices fall should be developed.

Guinea fowl live on the Africa continent as wild and where used intensively family livestock farming in the rural. Although the homeland of the Africa continent, Guinea growing rapidly increasing in the World. Nowadays, Guinea fowl is an important alternative genetic resource can be used in organic livestock farming which developing quickly. Able to adapt to different climatic conditions, have an economic efficiency level in the don’t good environmental conditions and being resistant to diseases are the biggest advantages. Besides, Guinea fowl eats insects, ticks, worms, mouse and snakes, especially in the surrounding of the livestock farming in the rural it can be used for biological control of these pests easily. Because of these advantages, Guinea fowl has a potential for alternative poultry production in Turkey. In this review, importance and general characteristics of Guinea fowl are given.

In this study, the samples were collected seasonally from 9 stations vertically by 57 cm diameter with 200 micron mesh size between 2011-2013. We obtained 23570 eggs/m2, 107 prelarvae/m2 and 8605 larvae/m2 identified 30 species belonging to 19 families. The eggs and larvae of the species Engraulis encrasicolus (21624 eggs/m2, 7169 larvae/m2) were found to be dominant in Izmir Bay. Maximum species diversity were detected in the spring (17 species) and summer (19 species).