Diabetes is an alarming global systemic metabolic disorder that can pose a major threat to patients. The serious consequences of cigarette smoking on the diabetic kidney are not well known among people in different countries. According to different studies, smoking enhances albuminuria in diabetic patients. On the other hand, urinary albumin is a sensitive indicator of glomerular injury. The abnormal trans-glomerular passage of albumin may be seen due to increased permeability of the glomerular capillary wall and their subsequent impaired reabsorption by the epithelial cells of the proximal tubule. Smoking with hyperglycemia increases lipid accumulation and oxidative stress, which mainly up-regulates TGF-β, accumulates AGEs, reduces nitric oxide production, and eventually causes glomerular basement membrane thickening and mesangial expansion that results in the development of glomerulosclerosis and nephropathy. The complex interaction between cigarette smoking and diabetic mellitus poses multiple challenges for researchers, physicians, and patients. Therefore, the present review article aims to find out the feasible consequences for the kidney of a diabetic patient due to the habit of cigarette smoking which may be useful for academicians and researchers in the future.

Boyutları 1-100 nm arasında değişen organik ve inorganik yapılar olan nanoparçacıklar, günlük hayatımızın bir parçası olup, tarım, çevre ve tıp gibi alanlarda büyük ilgi görmektedir. Metal nanoparçacıklar arasında optik, elektriksel ve antimikrobiyal özelliklere sahip olan gümüş nanoparçacıklar (AgNP'ler) en fazla araştırılan ve kullanılan parçacıklardır. Günümüzde ileri gıda teknolojisi uygulamalarında, gıdaların besin içeriğini geliştirmek ve raf ömrünü uzatarak gıda bileşenlerinin veya nihai gıda ürününün stabilitesini artırmak amacıyla nanoparçacık ve nanoparçacık içerikli katkı maddelerinden yararlanılmaktadır. AgNP’ler, benzersiz özellikleri sayesinde patojenik mikrobiyal aktiviteye karşı mücadelede ve gıda endüstrisinde mevcut problemlerin çözümünde lider olarak görülmektedir. AgNP’ler, geniş bir patojenik bakteri spektrumunun yanı sıra antibiyotiğe dirençli bakterilerin antimikrobiyal aktivitelerini yavaşlatma konusunda da güçlü bir etkiye sahiptir. Bu derlemede, gümüş nanoparçacıkların üretiminde kullanılan fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik yöntemler, parçacıkların fonksiyonları ve etki mekanizmaları, gümüş nanoparçacıkların et ve et ürünlerinde ve onların yeni nesil paketleme sistemlerinde koruyucu olarak kullanımı ayrıntılı olarak sunulmaktadır.

Environmental destruction is dimensioned as one of the most important issues that the whole world is dealing with in the third millennium. For this reason, various policy instruments are developed and put into practice, both internationally and nationally. Although these policies cover all production and consumption areas, they also come to the forefront in terms of the agricultural sector due to their strategic importance. Environmental Agricultural Land Protection Program (ÇATAK), which came into effect in 2006, has been implemented in order to prevent environmental damage in the agricultural sector in Türkiye. In this framework, the production practices of grain producers benefiting from ÇATAK program supports in the Seyfe Lake region of Kırşehir province were examined in environmental terms. For this purpose, 100 producers were drawn into the sample and a survey study was conducted. The obtained data set was made into cross tables, interpreted and suggestions were made. The results were statistically supported by chi-square analysis. Accordingly, although it was determined that the producers did not implement practices that would cause environmental destruction intensively, it was observed that they needed to adopt the right methods from the right sources in the use of fertilizers and pesticides. In addition, it has been determined that the state does not have comprehensive knowledge about the agricultural policy instruments it has implemented. For this reason, it is considered important to implement training-extension activities frequently and dynamically.

Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima Lam.) is a well-known, extensively grown and consumed crop, world-wide. Pumpkins are natural and rich source of potential bioactive compounds. The presence of active phytochemicals makes these fruits a great matrix to be further exploited for therapeutic purposes, beyond biotechnological applications. Peel, flesh and seeds of this fruit are heavily loaded with phenolics, flavonoids and carotenoids, which are the main tributes of this functional and medicinal food. Present study was designed to utilize these parts of pumpkin in the form of powders, at 0, 5, 10 and 15% replacement levels with white flour, to develop biscuits and to obtain methanolic extracts of these biscuits to determine their phytochemical parameters. Among the different treatment biscuits, highest amount of total phenolics (101.79 mg GAE/100 g), flavonoids (60.74 mg CE/ 100 g) and DPPH free radical scavenging activity (38.00 mg AAE/100 g) was found in biscuits with 15% replacement of pumpkin seeds powder, while biscuits with 15% replacement of pumpkin flesh powder exhibited highest amount of total carotenoid contents (6.95 mg/ 100 g) and β carotene (2.86 mg/100 g). Functional biscuits developed from replacement of pumpkin parts powders with wheat flour may be offered to patients facing oxidative stress, degenerative diseases and diabetes. These biscuits can be offered to children for better growth and development. Consumers awareness through proper marketing at commercial level with proper labelling of nutritional facts, may lead to increased demand of this functional and medicinal food rich in bio actives.

In this study, the potential of sunflower protein hydrolysates to inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) enzyme was determined. Sunflower protein isolate was hydrolyzed with Alcalase and Trypsin+Chymotrypsin enzymes and the obtained protein hydrolysates were fractionated by ultrafiltration (5 kDa). The degrees of hydrolysis achieved by Alcalase and Trypsin+Chymotrypsin enzymes were 27% and 13%, respectively. The most potent ACE inhibitory activity (IC50=0.06 ± 0.01 mg/mL) was observed for the fraction that has molecular weight below 5 kDa, which was hydrolyzed by Trypsin+Chymotrypsin enzyme (P

In order to assess the potential, farmers satisfaction, and operation and maintenance issues of selected small scale irrigation schemes in Salale Zone Ethiopia, the study was designed with key objectives of evaluating the current status of irrigation water productivity of the schemes; irrigation water users satisfaction, and structures, function, and power of water users association in sustainable operation and maintenance of irrigation schemes. Structured questionnaires focus group discussion, and key informant interview was employed to collect data for each considered irrigation schemes and the data was analyzed by using SPSS and descriptive statistics. The result overall revealed that there was low water productivity of the schemes when it was compared with acceptable limit values. In each considered irrigation scheme, irrigation water users were not satisfied in operation and maintenance of irrigation schemes and less satisfied in fair distribution of water and timeline of water distribution; but fairly satisfied in fee policy. From the perspectives of roles of irrigation water users in leadership, resource mobilization, infrastructure management, equity in water distribution, and conflict management; there was a gap in effectively performing all such activities so that the overall productivity of schemes becomes very low. In general, the research indicated that there was a problem in improving water productivity, farmers’ satisfaction, role of irrigation water users in management, operation, and maintenance of schemes which need due consideration to sustain small scale irrigation schemes so that it will play the intended roles in attaining food security

This study entitled was conducted in 3 places of Dolakha district namely Boach, Jiri and Bigu. The study was conducted during 20thjuly to 6th September 2017. The main aim of this study was to find out whether kiwi farming is improving household economy of people living there (i.e. Boach, Jiri and Bigu) using various tools such as questionnaire, discussion, direct observation and review of literature. A total of 60 households were randomly selected for the study. Both male and female were found to be involved in kiwi cultivation. About 60 percent and 40 percent of respondents were male and female respectively. 20 percent respondent were illiterate, 38 percent people have primary level education, 17 percent were people having secondary and S.L.C. level education respectively, similarly, the respondent completing Inter were 8 percent. Kiwi was the major cash crop in the study area and the widely used variety in the study site was Monti. Agriculture is the major occupation followed by Government job, Business and others. 47 percent were involved in agriculture, 30 percent were involved in government job, 13 percent have Business and 10 percent follow other jobs like (Teaching, Driving, Abroad). Among 60 respondents 50 percent were cultivating kiwi in 1-5 ropani of land and minimum was 12 percent who cultivated kiwi in above 15 ropani area. Training related to kiwi cultivation was also given to the respondent. 47 percent respondents were trained in kiwi cultivation and 53 percent were not trained about it. Training was organized and conducted by DADO and some other organization who were concerned about agriculture. Kiwi was mostly sold to nearest local market by the farmers themselves. Kiwi cultivation was also helping farmers in economic part. The study shows that there is an improvement of household economy and livelihood by kiwi farming.