Pneumonic Pasteurellosis (PP) is an infectious disease caused by Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica, mostly observed in cattle, sheep and calves. PP is characterized by fibrinous bronchopneumonia and pleuritis in the lungs. In this study, it was aimed to determine Caspase-3, Caspase-9, inducible nitric oxide synthase and neuronal nitric oxide synthase expressions by immunohistochemical methods in the lungs suffered from PP. For this purpose, twenty lung tissues were collected from calves with PP. For the Control Group, ten lungs of calves were collected from Aksaray Slaughterhouse. After necropsies of calves were confirmed to be PP by bacteriological examinations. Then the routine histological process was performed to tissues, and stained by Hematoxylin & Eosin for histopathology, and Caspase-3, Caspase-9, inducible nitric oxide synthase and neuronal nitric oxide synthase antibody staining for immunohistochemistry. The immunohistochemical findings indicated that Caspase-3, Caspase-9, inducible nitric oxide synthase and neuronal nitric oxide synthase positive reactions were seen in alveolar, bronchial and bronchiolar epithelia, and desquamated inflammatory cells in the lumens. In addition, the peripheral neural extensions were immunopositive for neuronal nitric oxide synthase and vascular endothelial cell were positive for inducible nitric oxide synthase. The findings can contribute to a better understanding of expressions of molecules such as Caspase and nitric oxide synthase. These results show that apoptosis and nitric oxide synthase expressions have triggered by airway epithelia and inflammatory cells in the lungs with Pneumonic Pasteurellosis in calves.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of compost from chicken manure, NPK fertilizer and the mixture of both fertilizers on agronomic parameters of four varieties of cassava (Yacé, Bonoua, Six mois and Alleda agba) in Côte d’Ivoire. The field experiment was carried out under a randomized complete block design with three replicates on a ferralitic soil during two season-cycles. The results showed that the different fertilizers stimulated plants growth and tuberous roots production. The highest number of stems (3) and leaves (66) was obtained with the mixture of NPK and compost applied on the variety “Bonoua”. All varieties that received the compost mixed with NPK produced more leaves with a dominance of the Bonoua variety (65.57). The highest number of tuberous roots (5.58), the heaviest weight per root (6.13 kg) and the highest yield (61.37 t/ha) were obtained while using the mixture of compost and NPK as fertilizer and “Bonoua” as variety. Thus, mixing compost from chicken manure and NPK can be recommended to improve cassava productivity in Côte d'Ivoire on a ferralitic soil.

This study was carried out to determine the plant characteristics, nutritive value and seed germination rate of the Ranunculus constantinopolitanus plant, which is found intensely in meadow-pasture areas and can have toxic effects on animals when consumed. The plant material of this study consists of 50 Ranunculus constantinopolitanus plants collected by random sampling method from the meadow area in Çayağzı village located in Bingöl city center in 2018. Plant length of Ranunculus constantinopolitanus 39-70 cm, stem diameter 1.83-5.53 mm, number of flowers in the plant 3-17, number of leaves in the plant 4-10, leaf length 3-7 cm, leaf width 4-8 cm, plant dry weight 0.75-3.33 grams, stalk ratio in plant 35.1-86.5%, leaf ratio in plant 3.9-42.7%, flower ratio in plant 4.0-43.4%, number of fruit in plant 4.0-11.0, number of achene in fruit 18.0-36.0, number of achene per plant 26-180 and thousand seed weight of achene varied between 4.31-5.03 grams. The dry matter ratio of Ranunculus constantinopolitanus 90.5-90.6%, crude protein ratio 13.1-13.4%, ADF ratio 34.9-35.9%, NDF ratio 47.3-48.9%, ADP ratio 0.33-0.37%, Ca ratio 1.16-1.22%, Mg ratio 0.37-0.38%, P ratio 0.26-0.27% and K ratio varied between 0.94-0.97%. As a result of the germination test with plant seeds, it was determined that 87 seeds germinate at the end of the 21st day, and the total germination rate was 21.8%. Detection of toxic substances and other nutrients contained in this plant with future studies will provide better recognition of this plant.

Son yıllarda gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde kaliteli et üretimi ve et üretim kayıplarını azaltma ile ilgili yapılan bilimsel araştırma sayısında artış olduğu bilinmektedir. Yapılan araştırmalarda nakil koşullarının etin raf ömrünü ve etin görünümünü etkilediği bildirilmiştir. Kara yolu ile nakil koşullarının hayvan refahı kurallarına uygun olmadığı durumlarda mortality, karkas ezikleri meydana gelmekte ve etin normal pH’sı değişmektedir. Bu nedenle nakledilecek havanların özellikleri (ırk, tür, cinsiyet, yaş ve yetiştirme şekli) ve nâkilin etkenleri (bakıcılar, şoförler, yükleme, boşaltma, araç, alan, mevsim, açlık, susuzluk, sosyal grup, yolun mesafesi ve durumu) dikkate alınarak yapılacak iyi bir planlama üretim kayıplarını azaltacak ve et kalitesini artıracaktır. Bu derlemede, hayvanların karayoluyla nakillerinin planlanmasında dikkat edilmesi gereken kriterler hakkında araştırmacılara ve alanda çalışanlara kapsamlı bilgi sunmak amaçlanmıştır.

Global urbanization and population growth obstruct the food waste management and cause uncontrolled accumulation of wastes. Ensuring the correct and efficient use and recycling of wastes having high protein content and generated throughout the food production and supply chain is becoming more important both in our country and all over the world. The evaluation of by-products released in the food industry is important for the development of new functional products and for greater economic rate of return on industrial scale. In this respect, bioactive peptides obtained from plant/animal wastes and rich in protein come into prominence. Bioactive peptides are also of great importance for human health because of their functional properties. In this review, functional properties of bioactive peptides obtained from protein-rich food wastes and their bioavailability mechanisms in human gastrointestinal system are discussed.

In recent years, youth unemployment in Turkey is the effect of economic growth on employment and unemployment. When we search studies for employment and unemployment in the literature, we can’t find many empirical studies for the Turkish economy. In order to contribute about this subject, we try to search the effect of economic growth on youth unemployment for the Turkish economy for the period of 1998-2016 employing Dummy variables. Especially, we found that, increasing effect of economic growth on youth unemployment.

Tuber samples were collected from Kırklareli province on the 10th of August 2020 and they are identified by implementing both traditional methods and molecular phylogenetic analysis using the rDNA sequences including Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) and 28S Ribosomal Large Subunit (LSU) regions. By taking into account the high sequence similarity between the collected samples (ANK Akata 7351) and the truffle species Tuber fulgens Quél. the collected specimen was regarded as T. fulgens and the morphological data also consolidated this finding. As a result, T. fulgens was reported for the first time from Turkey. A short description of the newly reported species is given along with its macro and microphotographs, and spore images taken by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Additionally, ITS and LSU rDNA based evolutionary history of the specimen is provided with phylogenetic trees.

The aim of this study is to screen the recombinant inbred lines (RILs) carrying rye translocation for the semi-dwarf (Rht), photoperiod (Ppd) and vernalization (Vrn) genes. Recombinant inbred lines were obtained by hybridization of bread wheat varieties Tosunbey and Tahirova-2000. Only the lines carrying 1BL.1RS rye translocation from population were used in the study. Parents and all of RILs were found to have Rht-B1a, which is a semi-dwarf allele, and Ppd-D1a allele, which is not susceptible to photoperiod. The vernalization alleles (Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1) in the lines were also determined. It was determined that both parents and all the RILs had vrn-A1 allele, and not Vrn-A1c allele. It was determined that 151 of RILs contained vrn-B1 allele and 154 of them contained Vrn-B1 allele, while 131 of RILs had vrn-D1 allele and 174 of them had Vrn-D1 allele. In addition, molecular screening were carried out for waxy alleles (Wx-A1, Wx-B1 and Wx-D1) which were effective on flour swelling, water holding capacity and shelf life of bread wheat. As a result of the molecular data it was found that 141 of RILs carry all three alleles and named as “normal amylose wheat” and 164 of them had only Wx-A1 and Wx-D1 alleles, as known “low amylose wheat”. The results indicated that the population used in the research could be the subject of some researches, especially drought tolerance, and RILs could be used to develop genetic material carrying rye translocation for wheat breeding programs.

The aim of this study was to determine the some serum minerals and their interactions between in 2, 3 and 4 years-old healthy Norduz (n=45) and Hair (n=31) goats raised in semi-intensive conditions. Mineral levels were determined with Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) in ppm level. Results were calculated as Fe 1.578±0.088 and 1.379±0.095 mmol/L, Cu 1.300±0.067 and 1.303±0.080 mg/L, Zn 0.972±0.029 and 0.937±0.029 mg/L, K 4.574±0.091 and 2.102±0.074 mmol/L, Mg 2.089±0.057 and 4.670±0.098 mmol/L, Mn 2.163±0.152 and 2.215±0.198 mg/L, Pb 0.078±0.005 and 0.087±0.006 mg/L for Norduz and Hair goats, respectively. While the differences in the mineral levels of hair goats were not significant, significant differences has been found between the age groups in terms of K, F and Pb in Norduz goats. In addition, while there was no statistically significant difference between 3-year-old goats, statistically significant differences hs been found for Fe and 2-year-old goats K and Mg in 4-year-old goats. Moreover, with respect to correlation coefficients, positive correlations were obtained both between K-Mg at Norduz goats and between Fe-Cu, Fe-K, Fe-Mg, K-Mg at Hair goats in all years-old groups.

In this study, microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) enzyme was used to produce yogurt from camel milk. It was reported that camel milk is rich in antimicrobial substances such as lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin and immunoglobulins, which prevent the production of yogurt from camel milk. With the advances in enzymology, it has been suggested that using enzymatic modifications to improve the functional properties and nutritional value of proteins may be effective in the production of yogurt from camel milk. For this purpose, the protein content of camel milk was increased by 6.2% with the addition of sodium caseinate, whey protein concentrate and micellar casein powder. MTGase enzyme was used at concentrations of 3 U and 6 U and the enzyme and the starter culture were added into the camel milk at the same time after that it was left for fermentation. Viscosity, pH and titratable acidity (as lactic acid, %) analyses were performed every hour during fermentation. The increase in viscosity formed as a result of cross-linking with the addition of MTGase enzyme, and the cross-linking formed were determined by decreasing the monomer band intensity of protein fractions with SDS-PAGE. It was found that the higher the MTGase concentration the higher the crosslinking reactions between the amino acids and the higher was the relative viscosity. In addition, the number of yogurt bacteria was determined on both M17 agar and MRS agar to investigate whether yogurt bacteria grow in camel milk and whether their growth is affected by the MTGase enzyme. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the addition of MTGase enzyme has no suppressive effect on the growth of bacteria.