That agricultural sector is examined closer from every point of view and is restructured in complied with the requirements of the age has to be structured comes to our face as a reality any longer accepted by every sector of the society. The various developments experienced in the world in the recent years have directly or indirectly affected agricultural sector. In the economy of Turkey, one of the countries attracting attention with its rapidly growing, there are many theoretical studies dealing with the direct or indirect contribution of agricultural sector. However, it is necessary to increase the number of the applied studies introducing the existing situation of the sector and enabling to develop the effective policies for the sector. For, it is highly important for the theories put forward in theoretical framework to be supported by empirical analyses in terms of forming effective policy suggestions. In the study, the three sub-sectors were considered such as the subsectors of cereal, legume, and fruit-vegetable and the existing situation of the sector was analyzed by moving from the macro variables. In order to identify the effects of macroeconomic variables (inflation, exchange rate, interest, monetary supply), selected in the direction of the aim of the study, panel cointegration test was utilized. Setting off from this point, when the analysis made in the study is examined for all sectors, it was identified that the variable affecting the sector the most was interest rate. When the results of panel cointegration test between interest rate and agricultural production were examined, while there was a negative directional relationship between the production of subsector “fruit vegetable” and the variable “interest” as expected, it attracts attention that there was a positive relationship between the subsector of cereal legume and interest in contrast to this.

Biocomfort conditions, which are related to climate parameters, are a factor that affect almost every aspect of people’s lives. Compatibility in terms of biocomfort also brings many advantages and disadvantages in areas where tourism activities are carried out. For this reason, it is of great importance to identify areas that are suitable and not suitable for biocomfort during the tourism season, especially in areas where tourism activities are carried out. In this study, with the help of GIS, it was aimed to determine the areas that are suitable and not suitable for biocomfort in the city of Samsun in June, July, August and September by using the summer temperature index (Summer Simmer Index = SSI). As a result of the study, it was determined that 1.41% of the province in June and 16.65% in September remained in the cold zone. Apart from this, it was determined that 11.58% of the province in June, 33.27% in July, 21.77% in August and 14.3% in September remained in the second generation, which is considered the most comfortable belt.

The purpose of this review article is to collaborate on future studies about hippotherapy to horse and riding trainers, health professionals, veterinarians, individuals in need and individuals with disabilities and their relatives and to shed light on academic studies. It has been stated in studies that hippotherapy is beneficial for patients in the world. Therefore, as a result of new private hippotherapy centers in public institutions and in Turkey, studies on hippotherapy have been started. The studies carried out in hippotherapy are increasing and widespread and continuing to contribute to the treatment of the individuals in need and individuals with disabilities with hippotherapy sessions with expert teams. However, in the studies, the sessions of the hippotherapy team with two common creatures have great duties on the equestrian coaches in order to meet the needs of the horse and the individual in need or individual with disability. For this reason, since hippotherapy is a multidisciplinary team work consisting of specialist professionals, it has been researched to contribute to the horse and rider coaches on the field and to the expert team attending the sessions, to the new experts and the families of the individuals in need and disabled individuals. In the current review, the information about the history of hippotherapy and development, information about hippotherapy institutions in Turkey, individuals in need and individuals with disabilities, benefits of hippotherapy, characteristics of the hippotherapy horse, training of the hippotherapy horse are emphasized, and especially emphasis is placed on the use of work in the field of horse and equestrian coaching.

The study investigated the metal levels in biotic and abiotic materials from Giresun forests. While soil and water samples were selected as abiotic materials, leaves and moss were selected as biotic materials in forest. These selected materials were sampled from six stations. All samples were analyzed three times for arsenic, iron, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc by ICP-OES. A logarithmic transformation was done on the data to improve normality. One way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests were performed to test the differences among metal levels of stations. The differences among metal levels in stations were statistically significant (p

The aim of the study was pasteurization of orange juces using microwave, thermosonication and traditional methods and comparing the quality properties. In this study thermosonication, microwave (540, 720, 900W), and traditional pasteurization methods were used for pasteurization of orange juice at 85°C. Pectin methlyesterase enzyme inactivation and Vitamin C, colour, total phenolic content, total carotenoid content were measured. It was determined that the processing times of orange juices pasteurized by traditional, thermosonication and microwave were 180, 120, and 60-85 s, respectively. The highest pectin methlyesterase enzyme inactivation (%95.64) was found after the microwave pasteurization at 900 W. The loss was found in the total phenolic content of orange juice was 6.15% by thermosonication process, whereas this loss was 16.11% by traditional method compared to fresh orange juice. The total colour difference was found the lowest in thermosonication application with a value of 7.98, and the highest vitamin C content (52.52 mg/100 mL) was detected in the microwave pasteurization group of 540 W.

This study was carried out between 2017 and 2018 to determine physical and chemical influences of two drying methods (drying on wooden fruit drying trays and drying cloths), two harvesting periods (commercial / physiological maturity and late harvest), and two harvesting methods (harvesting by hand and shaking) on dried fruit samples of Hacıhaliloğlu and Kabaaşı cultivars. Titrable acidity, browning level, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity (ABTS), color (L*, a*, b*), pH, humidity and water activity (aw) parameters of dried fruit samples were examined. Results indicated that different harvesting periods, methods and drying methods significantly affected almost all fruit quality parameters. L value was higher in apricots dried on trays than dried on the cloths. L* values of dried apricots ranged from 27,13 to 54,74. Similarly, moisture content and water activity values were also found to be lower in apricots dried on wooden fruit drying trays than dried on clothes. When chemical parameters were examined, it was observed that phenolic compounds and total antioxidant contents decreased with fruit ripening. The effect of the applications on drying efficiency was not determined as significant, on the contrary, the individual weights of the dried apricots harvested at the late period were found significantly higher and the number of dried apricots per kilogram was lower. As a result of the study, it was concluded that in sun-dried apricot production, harvesting at late period and the drying on trays positively affected various quality parameters.

Development of an efficient plant regeneration protocol is essential for vegetable crop advancement by biotechnological methods. In this study, regeneration protocols of four pepper lines of different pepper types were optimized. Different protocols for organogenesis were investigated in regeneration experiments. Optimum plant regeneration was obtained in different combinations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in organogenesis assays. In organogenesis experiment, the highest shoot development was determined as 80% from hypocotyl explant of Demre pepper in 4 mg L-1 BA+0.5 mg L-1 IAA, 80% from hypocotyl explant of Charleston pepper in 3 mg L-1 BA+0.5 mg L-1 IAA, 80% from hypocotyl explant of capia pepper in 5 mg L-1 BA+0.5 mg L-1 and 84% from hypocotyl explant of bell pepper in 5 mg L-1 BA+0.5 mg L-1 IAA. Afterward, shoots were rooted and whole plants were obtained.

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is one of the important antioxidants, which naturally present in seminal plasma of fish. On the other hand, whether its effect may improve sperm quality following cryopreservation process still remains its uncertainty. Thus, the present study aimed to analyse the effect of different extenders supplemented with different ascorbic acid concentrations on post-thaw motility and fertility of frozen-thawed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) sperm. Selected sperm samples were pooled and diluted at 1:3 ratios with two different extenders (E) composing such as (E-1) 300 mM glucose, 10% egg yolk and 10% DMSO and (E-2) 0.6 mM sucrose and 10% DMSO. Each extender was supplemented with vitamin C at 1, 5 and 10 mM concentrations. Following dilution, the sperm was loaded into 0.25 ml straws and frozen in liquid nitrogen vapour. The straws were then plunged into liquid nitrogen for storage. Fertilization was carried out using the dry fertilization technique. Highest post-thaw motility (50±5.77) and fertilization (56±1.00) results were obtained with the extender-1 (E-1) containing 10% DMSO concentration. In conclusion, the present study indicated that addition of ascorbic acid to the extenders improved rainbow trout sperm motility resulting higher fertilization of the eggs.

Genetic improvement in components of economic importance along with maintaining a sufficient amount of variability is always the desired objective in the any maize (Zea mays L.) breeding program which will be handled under the conditions of Haramaya, Eastern Ethiopia. Therefore, an experiment was conducted using (27) and (3) check/control varieties to determine the genetic variability of maize genotypes at Haramaya, eastern Ethiopia. The study results revealed that significantly the tallest plant heights for (PH) were recorded from (3) (170 cm) and (18) (167.5 cm) genotypes whereas the shortest PH were recorded from (13) (117.5 cm) and (23) genotypes (120 cm). Good plant aspects (PA) were obtained from genotype 12, 22 and 26 (PA-1.5) and poor PA were attained from genotype 1 (PA-2.5). Besides, genetic and phenotypic variances were estimated for seven components. The highest genotypic coefficients variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) were calculated from grain yield (GY – 23.39%). Comparatively the higher GY were attained from the genotypes of 3, 9 and 12. It can be concluded that almost all components of the PCV are greater than the GCV. Superior selected genotypes are recommended to the researchers /breeders to develop disease resistant and high yielder varieties to increase maize production by farmers under Haramaya and other similar agroecologies.