Doğadan toplanan erkek ve dişi kurbağaların (Pelophylax ridibundus), boy uzunluğu (SVL) ve arka bacak uzunluğu ile karkas, arka bacak, deri, baş ve karaciğer ağırlığı alınarak karkas miktarı belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Dişi kurbağaların ortalama SVL değeri 91,6±0,53 mm, erkeklerin 81,1±0,69 mm olarak ölçülerek, aradaki farkın istatiksel açıdan önemli olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Gıda olarak tüketilen arka bacakların ortalama uzunluk değerleri, dişi kurbağalarda 72,0±0,65 mm, erkek kurbağalarda 68,0±0,53 mm tespit edilmiş ve aradaki farkın istatiksel açıdan önemli olduğu görülmemiştir. Arka bacakların ortalama ağırlıkları dişi kurbağalarda 21,45±5,06 g, erkek kurbağalarda 15,53±2.94 g olduğu ve her iki cinsiyette de bu miktarların toplam vücut ağırlığının yaklaşık %25’ine denk geldiği belirlenmiştir. Çalışma esnasında dişi kurbağaların sırasıyla vücut, karkas ve gıda olarak tüketilen arka bacaklarının ortalama ağırlıkları, erkek kurbağalara göre daha yüksek miktarda tespit edilmiş olup; dişi kurbağalar ile erkek kurbağalar arasındaki bu ağırlık farkları aynı zamanda istatistiksel açıdan önemli bulunmuştur. Karkas ağırlıkları, hem dişi hem de erkek bireylerde toplam ağırlığın yaklaşık olarak %50’sini oluşturmaktadır. Kesim işlemi sonucunda karkas dışında kalan; deri, baş ve karaciğerin ortalama ağırlıkları dişi kurbağalarda erkek kurbağalara oranla daha fazla miktarda bulunmuştur. Dişi ve erkek bireyler arasında baş ağırlığı hariç karkas dışında kalan diğer kısımlar arasındaki farkların önemli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kurbağa derisi önemli bir sanayi ürünü olup, miktarı dişi kurbağalarda ortalama 8,07±2,04 g, erkek kurbağalarda ortalama 5,66±1,21 g bulunmuştur. Bu değerlerin oranı, toplam vücut ağırlığının %10’una denk geldiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, dişi kurbağaların erkek kurbağalardan karkas kazancı bakımından daha iyi olduğu ve karkas miktarı dışında kalan, baş, karaciğer ve derinin miktarı tespit edilerek değerlendirilmesi araştırılmıştır.

The study is aimed at predicting soil erosion and investigate its spatial distribution in Souss basin area used EPM (erosion potential model), also known as Gavrilovic method, incorporating into GIS (geographic information system) software. The spatial distribution of soil erosion shows three main zones in the studied area (very slight, slight to moderate). The main factors in the EPM (soil erodibility, soil protection, slope, temperature and rainfall) were evaluated using GIS software. Data layers used in this study were created from digital elevation model (DEM), lithology maps, landsat 8 oli digital images, the highest amount of erosion occurred in the northeast regions, Results showed that about 87.84% of the study area is classified in low and very low to destructive erosion intensify, 12.15% of the study area was moderate potential soil losses.

Consumption of fermented products rich in antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetes, anti-obesity and anti-carcinogenic compounds is growing into a key strategy to fortify antioxidant defense system. Cabbage products produced by lactic-acid fermentation are chosen via their special microbiota. Considering these special medical properties of fermented-cabbage products as pickled cabbage, sauerkraut and kimchi were produced and evaluated. The data demonstrated that pickled cabbage (109.89±4.74 mg ascorbic acid/100 g d.w.) and its brine (208.14±17.29 mg ascorbic acid/100 g d.w.) exhibited the highest vitamin C content, followed by kimchi (77.42±2.87 mg ascorbic acid/100 g d.w.). The highest total phenolic content was detected in kimchi and sauerkraut with 869.64±70.16 and 438.257±25.05 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g fresh weight (f.w.), respectively. 50% of the scavenging effect (EC50) values of free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) in kimchi 14.6 mg/ml, followed by sauerkraut (15.52 mg/ml) and pickled cabbage (18.88 mg/ml). Results demonstrated that fermented cabbage products have a great potential with content of bioactive compounds, high antioxidant features promising high beneficial impacts.

Phytogenic feed additives have replaced the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in the diet of poultry particularly broiler chickens. Researchers are moving towards the use of natural products such as herbs, spices, plants and plant products, which possess influential effects on growth performance parameters, immune response and treatment of various diseases. Aloe vera is a well-known medicinal plant and is being used for commercial and therapeutic purposes such as antimicrobials, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulator, wound healing, antioxidant and antiprotozoal agents. From a few last decades, the use of Aloe vera has been increased as a natural additive to broiler diet. Based on the review of literature, Aloe vera can improve immune response, growth performance in the broiler, as well as an excellent alternative of AGPs and anticoccidial drugs. It can be used for broiler diet in the form of gel, powder, ethanolic extract and aqueous extract. This review provides information about the use of Aloe vera in broiler production with reference to the effects on growth performance, immune system, intestinal microflora and coccidiosis in broiler chickens.

Bu çalışmada, Gundellia tournefortii bitkisinin tohumlarından elde edilen su ekstraktının GC/MS (Gaz kromatografisi -Kütle spektrometresi) analizi ile genel olarak içeriğinin değerlendirilmesi, makro ve mikro besin elementi konsantrasyonları, antimikrobiyal aktivitesi, toplam antioksidan seviyesi (TAS), toplam oksidan seviyesi (TOS), oksidatif stres indeksi (OSI) değerlerinin belirlenmesi ve çeşitli hücre hatları üzerindeki anti-kanserojen niteliklerinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. TAS, TOS ve OSI değerlerini tespit etmek için Rel Assay Diagnostics kitler kullanılmıştır. Antimikrobiyal aktivite analizleri, Mikrodilüsyon Broth yöntemi ile Minimum inhibisyon konsantrasyon (MIC) değeri belirlenerek, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Bacillus cereus (ATCC11778), Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC 13883), Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) ve Candida tropicalis (DSM11953) mikroorganizmaları üzerinde yapılmıştır. Sitotoksik aktivite ise, normal fare fibroblast hücre hattı, HUVEC ve 3 farklı insan kanser hücre hattında MTT yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Gundelia tournefortii bitki ekstraktının S. aureus bakterisi üzerinde orta düzeyde, diğer mikroorganizmalar üzerinde ise zayıf düzeyde antimikrobiyal aktivite, iyi derecede antioksidan aktivite ve bazı hücrelerde sitotoksik aktivitesinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bitkinin oksidatif stres indeksinin ise, düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, makro ve mikro besin elementi içeriği bakımından Gundellia tournefortii bitkisinin %3,64 N, %0,11 P, %3,78 K, %0,22 Ca, %0,57 Mg, 268,4 mg/kg Fe, 16,7 mg/kg Zn, 19,4 mg/kg Mn ve 8,3 mg/kg Cu konsantrasyonlarına sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir.

This study was conducted to evaluate the muscles of the brisket region of the Eastern Anatolian Red (EAR) bulls in different ages subjected to different housing conditions and feeding style, and to determine the relationships among carcass traits, meat colour parameters and carcass measurements. Totally 25 bulls between 15 and 24 m of age were allocated to five groups (G1,G2,G3,G4,G5) according to feeding type, housing condition and age. The bulls were weighed fourteen days apart, feed consumption measurements were taken every morning, and slaughtered after 130 days of fattening. The differences were significant among G1-G3 for pelvic fat, total groups for conformation, among G1,G2-G3,G4,G5 for marbling, among G1,G2,G3-G4,G5 for LD area, among G1-G3,G5 for degree of fatten, among G1,G5-G2 for fat thickness over (LD) Longissimus Dorsi. The differences were significant in terms of meat colour parameters such as lightness (L*) in G1,G2,G3-G4,G5 and hue value (H*) in G1-G2,G3,G4,G5. Also, the differences among the groups are significant in terms of carcass length and width of the round. The correlation coefficients of carcass characteristic, colour score and conformation are negative with lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*). Degree fatten had a positive correlation with marbling score. Conformation were positively correlated with carcass length. Carcass ribeye area and L* showed a more desirable result in the G4 and G5 groups compared to other groups. Assessing the accumulated data of carcass traits with carcass components including carcass measurement during the slaughter or later phases of slaughter, it may be possible to use as a marker for the determining beef quality in EAR bulls.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), based on the origin of Southeast Asia and Turkey, with a large growth area such as the Mediterranean and the Arab countries, is the most important plant belonging to family Lythraceae. Pomegranate peel and seed contain numerous and various bioflavonoid, which is indicated to be both antimicrobial and inhibitors of enzymes such as cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. The antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal properties of the pomegranate are related to phytochemicals such as delphinidin, cyanidin, pelargonidin, ellagic acid, punicalin, punicalagin, pedunculagin, and different glucosides, which involve anthocyanins. In this study, it was investigated that ethanol, methanol and distilled water extracts, obtained from Punica granatum L. antimicrobial effect against Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria known as food pathogen by using disk diffusion method. Also, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values on seven different food borne pathogens were also determined. As a result of the research; pomegranate seed extracts obtained from methanol observed the highest antimicrobial effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a 29.02 mm zone diameter, while pomegranate peel extracts obtained from ethanol observed the highest antimicrobial effect against Bacillus cereus with a 26.84 mm zone diameter. The MIC and MBC value against Pseudomonas aeruginosa are determined 7.81 µg/L, while The MIC and MBC value against Bacillus cereus are determined 31.25 and 15.63 µg/L, respectively.

The main objective of selection studies is to select genotypes with superior properties from hybrid combinations. In this study, seedling and first clonal generation stages were carried out with the variation obtained by using hybrid seeds from three different hybrid potato combinations. The research was carried out in cloth greenhouse (seedling generation) and field (first clonal generation) in Tokat/Kazova conditions between 2017 and 2018. In the study, 5500 hybrid true potato seeds were used from three combinations (A3/15×Bafana, T5/4×Bafana, Başçiflik Beyazı×Lady Olympia) created by using five different parents. These hybrid true potato seed were planted in 13x8 vials and then seedlings were transplanted to appropriate sized pots (15×24 cm) when they reached to 10-15 cm length. The hybrid clones obtained from the seedlings were selected according to the breeder preference and the first clonal generation stage was started with the clones (1380 clones) which were suitable to be continued. The plantings were constructed with 70×50 distance in the field conditions. After harvest, each of the 1380 clones was examined separately and 1100 clones were selected as a result of negative selection made by considering the phenotypic characteristics of the tubers.

Agricultural developments mostly depend on rapidly increasing world population. Tomato is a highly nutritious vegetable. Post-harvest technologies are often applied to prolong the consumption periods of tomato. Drying is one of the oldest methods of conservation. In this study, five different drying methods (oven drying, vacuum oven drying, sensitive drying, shaded-open atmosphere drying and sun drying) was used. Drying processes were carried out with dryers at 55°C, 60°C, 65°C and 70°C temperatures. All drying trials were performed in three replications. Drying performance (drying duration, final moisture content), drying kinetics, colour analysis, energy consumption, chemical analyses were performed for all drying methods. Fresh samples reached to desired moisture contents in 20-300 hours. To define time-dependent changes in moisture contents, Page, Logarithmic and Midilli-Küçük equations were used. Page equation yielded the worst estimations. There were not significant differences in “a” redness values of fresh samples, 65-70C of oven dryer and all temperatures of sensitive dryer. Sensitive dryer yielded the closet pH values to fresh samples. Based on current findings, it was concluded that oven drying, and sensitive drying were suitable for drying Selinus tomato variety.

This study was conducted in Kumkale Plain of Çanakkale Province. In this research, it is aimed to determine which factors the regional farmers take into consideration in their production and the costs of the products they obtain. The data of the study consisted of primary and original questionnaires provided through face-to-face interviews. The sample volume was determined by stratified sampling method and 99 questionnaires were conducted. The enterprises are ranked according to land size and divided into three layers as 1-50, 51-100, 101 decare and above. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHS) method was used to determine producer preferences as well as simple cost calculations. The criteria of the study were determined as mechanization, irrigation facilities, supply of inputs, marketing opportunities, aquaculture information, product prices, input prices and labor force. According to the results of AHS obtained from the study, wheat ranked first with 0.213 points and sunflower ranked second with 0.196 points. The remaining alternatives are paddy, tomato, corn (seed) and silage maize respectively. According to AHS results, wheat, sunflower, paddy, tomato, corn and silage maize are preferred. Product costs are calculated as follows; 0.52 TL/kg for tomatoes, 1.56 TL/kg for paddy , 1.16 TL/kg for grain corn, 0.14 TL/kg for silage maize, 0.69 TL/kg for wheat and 1.44 TL/kg for sunflower.