This study was carried out to determine the effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and mycorrhiza treatments on the development of Zinnia elegans L. ‘Zesty’ and Dahlia variabilis L. ‘Figaro Violet’ cultivars. In the study, a suspension was first prepared from bacterial isolates developed at 25±2 °C for 24 hours. The prepared suspensions were adjusted to an absorbance value of 0,3 at 600 nanometers in a spectrophotometer. D. variabilis seedlings were immersed in suspensions prepared from ZE-12, ZE-13 and ZE-12+ZE-13, Z. elegans seedlings were immersed in suspensions prepared from ZE-2, ZE-7, ZE-12, ZE-13, ZE-12+ZE-13 for 30 minutes. In addition, Z. elegans seedlings were kept in mycorrhiza prepared at a concentration of 5000 ppm for 10 seconds. At the end of the period, flower seedlings were planted in pots with a mixture of peat and perlite. As the control group, seedlings without rhizobacteria and mycorrhiza treatment were used in both cultivars. The experiment was established with 3 replications and 10 plants per replication. The applications made in the D. variabilis experiment remained the same as the control in all other parameters except root dry weight. ZE-13 application was effective on root dry weight. It was determined that the applications made in Z. elegans seedlings increased the flower stem thickness and the number of leaves, especially the ZE-13 application was the most effective application. In conclusion, with this study, it was revealed that rhizobacteria and mycorrhiza applications, which are of natural origin and do not harm the environment, have the potential to be used in ornamental plants cultivation, and that these applications should be expanded.

With the increasing world population, the food need of humanity is increasing proportionally. Agricultural wastes constitute an important potential for the global economy as they contain components that are less preferred to be consumed as food due to their low bioavailability due to their indigestion in the human body or due to their sensory properties, but that may be beneficial to human health such as antioxidant substances and antimicrobial agents. The benefits of using these wastes in terms of economy and reducing environmental pollution are obvious. Tomato, which is one of the most used agricultural products in our country and the world, is processed by removing its skins in the processing of many products. Tomato skins cause serious environmental problems and economic losses unless they are valorized. In this regard, this study aims to optimize the extraction efficiency, the antioxidant capacity, and total phenolic content of the tomato peel extract according to the independent variables of temperature and time, while the alkaline extraction process applied to tomato skins is cheap and industrially applicable. Using response surface methodology, the highest extraction yield (28.77 g/100 g dry extract), total phenolic content (3819.32 mg GAE/100 g dry extract), and total antioxidant capacity (2737.82 µmoL Trolox/100 g dry extract) were obtained under extraction conditions at 100°C for 5.26 h. According to LC-MS/MS results, tomato skins treated with alkali contain various phenolic acids and some flavonoids. The phenolic component found in the highest amount in the tomato peel extract was determined as p-coumaric acid (429.99 ± 38.53 mg/100 g dry extract). Other important phenolic components are ferulic acid (12.44 ± 2.06); 4-hydroxy benzoic acid (7.13 ± 1.01) and vanillin (2.47 ± 0.22) mg/100 g dry extract.

In the agronomical field, different internal and external factors are responsible for substantially diminished crop harvest. A hindrance that can be listed in those factors is insect pests. African bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) is a significant polyphagous, rapacious feeder, and the serious pest of agricultural cosmos. This pest can infest a wide array of species (almost 180 plant species) and a diverse range of families regarding it to be the most versatile and economically important nuisances for crops. H. armigera is widely far-reaching throughout the globe mostly in the Asian domain. Likewise, the subsequent number of instars makes it more detrimental and positively influences its existence pattern. The biological parameters like high fecundity, reproducibility, and comparatively long-life period support in the incitement of damage threshold (DT). Thusly, this article depicts the presentation and control tactics against H. armigera, and further incorporates science and damage to acquaint this pest and access raise in production.

Events such as oxidative stress caused by spinal cord injury (SCI) are a serious condition because they negatively affect many organs. Alternative treatment options for this type of injury are quite limited. In this study, we planned to investigate the effect of oxidative damage on the spleen tissue of rats with spinal cord damage and the protective role of valproic acid (VPA) in this damage. Sixteen Wistar albino rats were divided into two equal groups. No treatment was administered to the rats in Group 1 (SCI-(Control), but a single dose of 300 mg/kg intraperitoneally VPA was administered to the rats in Group 2 (SCI-VPA). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) levels were examined as markers of oxidative stress in spleen tissues taken after decapitation of rats. VPA treatment increased the SOD and TAS level but decreased the TOS level, indicating improved oxidative damage and impaired enzymatic antioxidant levels in spleen tissue homogenate damaged by SCI. We have observed that VPA, which has many beneficial properties, has a significant healing effect on spleen tissue affected by SCI-induced oxidative stress.

In this research; the current situation and problems of the cold storages in the province of Van have been studied. In this direction, 21 cold storages registered in Directorate of Van Provincial Agriculture and Forestry were visited and on-site investigations were made. The findings obtained as a result of the surveys made with their owners by considering the features of the cold storages such as the structural and mechanization status, the type of stored product have been effective in identifying problems and suggesting solutions. It is used for white meat and eggs 29% of cold storages, 29% for milk and dairy products, 29% for red meat and 13% for fruit and vegetable storage. In addition, there are 17 fruit and vegetable warehouses, 13 of which are unused, that are not registered in Directorate of Van Provincial Agriculture and Forestry, and these were excluded from the research because they were not registered. The most important problems in warehouses were experienced during the Covid- 19 pandemic process. Lack of the technical capacity, machinery and equipment, qualified personnel, the marketing problems, maintenance and repair, rent, electricity and water expenses are the main ones. Improvement of its structural properties, modern mechanization device, establishment of unions that will enable warehouse owners to act together, eliminating the lack of qualified personnel with Van Yuzuncu Yil University, one of the most important educational institutions in the region and measures to increase export potential will play an important role in solving the problems.

To enhance wheat yield, adoption and management practices have become a major concern of agricultural extension activities and low produce of wheat is partly due to poor agronomic practices in Ethiopia. Compared to broadcasting system, row planting gives better yield with quality of the seed at harvesting period. The study was conducted to assess the opportunities and status of wheat row planting by farmers. This study was used descriptive research design and employed both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Primary data were collected from 141_sample households which were selected randomly. Additional information was obtained from focus group discussion and key informant interview. The data has been analyzed by using simple descriptive statistics such as mean, percentage and standard deviation. Moreover, inferential statistics like chi-square and t-test were used. The result shows that, education level, family size, farmers experience, seeding rate per hectare, yield per hectare, fertilizer rate per hectare and income of household were positive association with wheat row planting in the study area. Also, non-adopter farmers was not use the existing opportunity such as off-farm income generating activities, contact with extension agents, credit use, membership in cooperatives and improved seed in the study area. Moreover, more than half of smallholders not adopt the wheat row planting system; meaning, still they use broadcasting system of Planting in their farms. Therefore, the study concludes that, Policies and strategies that focus on farmers’ education, implementation of well-established extension package are helpful so as to achieve wider adoption of row planting technology of smallholder farmer in the study area.

In this study, the separation of lactic acid from aqueous solutions using trioctylamine (TOA) reactant and environmentally friendly solvents such as sunflower and rice bran oil was investigated, and it was aimed to contribute to the separation of lactic acid by reactive extraction. It is aimed to determine the most suitable reactant / solvent ratios with reactive extraction analyzes. As a result of the studies, the highest efficiency (72,91%) was achieved with the TOA reactant. An increase in yield occurred as a result of using both sunflower oil and rice bran oil (1:1) together. According to the results of the research, it was determined that the addition of TOA to the organic phase increases the extraction efficiency in the recovery of carboxylic acids from aqueous solutions. While the physical extraction yield was 11.85%, the yield increased up to 72,91% in reactive extraction. An increase in yield was observed about 7 times. As a result of the data obtained, it was understood that with the increase in the extractant concentration, the dispersion coefficient (from 0,13 to 2,69) increased, and the loading factor (from 1,79 to 0,69) values decreased. When the organic phase mixtures formed with the extractant and diluent combinations were examined, it was determined that the best results in terms of extraction efficiency were obtained when 3,62 M TOA for lactic acid was used.

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of ensiled guinea grass (GG)- cassava peel (CSP) enriched with soybean cheese waste (SBCW) in varying proportions into 4 treatments: T1 (GG100%), T2 (GG80% + CSP10% + SBCW10%), T3 (GG60% + CSP30% + SBCW10%) and T4 (GG40% + CSP50% + SBCW10%) on West African Dwarf goats. Twenty WAd goats were allocated into four silages of five growing WAd goats each. Daily feed intake and weekly weight gain were measured for twelve weeks of the experiment. Digestibility study was carried out using Three animals per treatment for faeces and urine collection. Blood samples were collected via jugular vein for blood profile analysis using standard measures in a completely randomized design. The Crude protein (CP) concentrations of silage increased with the increasing level of cassava peels. Crude fiber levels of the silages also followed the same trend. The group of animals fed T4 had highest feed intake among the treatment groups. Daily weight gain of goats in T4 was better enhanced than other treatments. The apparent digestibility was significantly different (P˂0.05) among the treatment groups. There were diet effects on the parameters measured for rumen liquor of the animals fed silages. The treatments had no effects on the haematology and total protein of goats fed diets. It is therefore indicated that agro-industrial by-products ensiled with guinea grass are potential means of feed sustainability during the dry season period for goats in Nigeria without any deleterious effects on goats’ health and performance.

40 samples of tahini halva from 5 different firms, in 4 distinct varieties—plain, hazelnut, carob, and vanilla—were gathered for this study from producers in the provinces of Balikesir and Bursa as well as from commercial markets. Samples were taken from two different lot numbers for each company. As a result of the analyzes made on the tahini halva samples, it was determined that the total amount of sesame oil varied between 24.67-38.87%, the total amount of tahini ranged between 59.34-69.7%, the total moisture amount was between 0.1-0.9%, the total ash amount was 0.089-3.16%, and the total salt amount was between 0.001-0.024%; as a result of microbiological cultivations in which the presence of yeast and mold were analyzed, an average of 10 cfu/g in plain tahini halva samples, an average of 90 cfu/g in hazelnut tahini halva samples, an average of 45 cfu/g in carob tahini halva samples, and an average of 25 cfu/g in vanilla tahini halva samples were determined. All samples of tahini halva were found to be free of contamination with Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli. When all of these findings were taken into consideration, it was found that one of the sampled firms did not produce in accordance with the Turkish Food Codex Communique on Tahini Halva (2015/28) in terms of total sesame oil (%) and ash content (%) of two companies. Combined, the findings of the chemical and microbiological analyses indicate that 85% of the samples were prepared in line with the TFC.

This study entitled was conducted in 3 places of Dolakha district namely Boach, Jiri and Bigu. The study was conducted during 20thjuly to 6th September 2017. The main aim of this study was to find out whether kiwi farming is improving household economy of people living there (i.e. Boach, Jiri and Bigu) using various tools such as questionnaire, discussion, direct observation and review of literature. A total of 60 households were randomly selected for the study. Both male and female were found to be involved in kiwi cultivation. About 60 percent and 40 percent of respondents were male and female respectively. 20 percent respondent were illiterate, 38 percent people have primary level education, 17 percent were people having secondary and S.L.C. level education respectively, similarly, the respondent completing Inter were 8 percent. Kiwi was the major cash crop in the study area and the widely used variety in the study site was Monti. Agriculture is the major occupation followed by Government job, Business and others. 47 percent were involved in agriculture, 30 percent were involved in government job, 13 percent have Business and 10 percent follow other jobs like (Teaching, Driving, Abroad). Among 60 respondents 50 percent were cultivating kiwi in 1-5 ropani of land and minimum was 12 percent who cultivated kiwi in above 15 ropani area. Training related to kiwi cultivation was also given to the respondent. 47 percent respondents were trained in kiwi cultivation and 53 percent were not trained about it. Training was organized and conducted by DADO and some other organization who were concerned about agriculture. Kiwi was mostly sold to nearest local market by the farmers themselves. Kiwi cultivation was also helping farmers in economic part. The study shows that there is an improvement of household economy and livelihood by kiwi farming.