In this study, the effect of foliar L-Histidine and Methinonin amino acid applications on grain cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) uptake on durum wheat grown in soil contaminated with Cd was investigated. The research was carried out according to the randomized blocks design as a pot experiment in greenhouse conditions. In the experiment, Cd doses were applied as control (0 mg Cd kg-1) and (3 mg Cd kg-1). L-Histidine and Methionine amino acids were applied 7 times from the leaf after the start of flag leaf formation in wheat at 0.5 mM doses and harvested after the grain maturity was completed. According to the results obtained, the wheat grain dry matter yield in 3 mg Cd kg-1 polluted soil was 44.5 mg grain-1 in the control, while the dry matter weight was increased with the application of L-Histidine and Methionine from the leaves being 48 and 50 mg grain-1, respectively. It was determined that there were differences in grain Cd and Zn concentrations with the application of amino acids from the leaves at the dose of 3 mg kg-1 cadmium. When the grain Cd and Zn intakes were compared with the control, it was found that the grain Cd concentration decreased, and the Zn concentration increased as a result of the application of amino acids. The high amount of Cd in wheat can make it to the human body through the food chain and is known to cause serious health problems after a certain amount of accumulation. As a result of this study, it is seen that L-Histidine and Methionine are effective in reducing Cd in the grain, and these amino acids probably form a complex with Cd, resulting in less transport.

Performance of the snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with traditional fertilizations vs. technical fertilization. The experiment was made in the farm called "El Ancon" - Pradera, (Cauca, Valle), with 1100 mm of precipitation, 940 m.a.s.l. 73.5% R.H. and a temperature of 24°C. In order to get basic information, a completely randomized block design was installed with three replications and eight treatments (control, T-traditional, T-10B-Urea, T-10B-S ammonium, T-05B-Urea, T-05B-S.Anunonium, T-10B-U.SA, T-05B-U.SA). Variables measured were dry matter weight (DNV) (at 15-30-45) leaf area (L.A) (at 15-30-45) and production (50-70d). Treatments with best productions mean values were: T-I0B-Urea, T-IOB-U.SA, T10B-S. Anunonium, T-05B-S.Anunonium with 8067.0, 6928.4 and 6194.4/ha respe., all of them above the average of the trial. High investment T-traditional do not have a similar answer in relation to their productions, but the T-I0B-Urea treatment has a lower cost and rentability of 84.46%. | En el ensayo se utilizó un diseño de bloques completamente al azar con tres repeticiones y ocho tratamientos (dos dosis de Boro, dos fuentes y tres dosis de Nitrógenos y las combinaciones de estas), los cuales se basaron en una encuesta que se preparó para los agricultores de la zona y en los análisis del suelo, que en términos generales mostraron deficiencias de Boro y Nitrógeno. Las variables de respuesta fueron peso de materia seca, área foliar medidas a los 15-30-45 días y producción de la planta. Para peso de materia seca y área foliar en las diferentes épocas, el ANDEVA mostró diferencias significativas. Los tratamientos de mejor producción fueron T-10B-Urea, T-10B U. Samonio, T-10B-S. Amonio con promedios de 8067.0, 7139.8, 6928. 4 y 6194.4 g/ha respectivamente, siendo ellos superiores al promedio general del experimento (5604.5). A pesar de la alta inversión del T- convencional el cultivo no respondió a ella. El caso contrario sucedió con el T-10B-Urea, donde los costos de esta práctica fueron menores, pero el cultivo aporta una rentabilidad del 84.4%.

In the study; fruit skin color parameters, fruit flesh firmness and total soluable solid (TSS) ratios, as well as total acidity, total phenolic substance, total monomeric anth°Cyanin amounts and total antioxidant capacity were determined. After the fruits were harvested, they were immersed in three different doses (0-2-4%) of calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution for 5 minutes. The fruits removed from the solution were kept to dry. The fruits were stored for 14 days in a cold store with a temperature of 1-2°C and a relative humidity of 90±5%. Before the storage and on the 7th and 14th days of storage, the fruits samples were taken and kept on the shelves in the rooms with a temperature of 21±1°C and a relative humidity of 60±5%for 3 days. Measurements and analyses of fruit quality parameters were made in the samples taken from the fruits that were kept on the shelf for three days. As a result of the study, it was determined that 4%CaCl2 application was effective in maintaining fruit flesh firmness. In fruits kept on the shelf for 3 days after 14 days of storage, SSC of 4%CaCl2 treatment was found to be higher than the control treatment. Compared to the control, 4%CaCl2 caused a significant increase in the total phenol content. The highest total monomeric anth°Cyanin content and total antioxidant capacity was determined in the control treatment. While there were no significant changes in L* values between treatments, a* and b* values were found to be higher in 2%CaCl2 treatment. In the light of the data obtained, it was concluded that 4%CaCl2 application had a positive effect on the shelf life of strawberry fruits.

Se evaluó una técnica de micropropagación de plantas de mora (Rubus glaucus) de la variedad sin espinas, a partir de ápices meristemáticos. En la fase de establecimiento se evaluó un protocolo de desinfección utilizando por 5 min solución de jabón detergente comercial y agua + alcohol 70% por 2 min + hipoclorito 3% con dos tiempos de exposición diferentes: T1 por 5 min y T2 por 10 min. Después de desinfectar las microestacas se extrajeron los ápices meristemáticos y se establecieron in vitro bajo un diseño completamente al azar para evaluar dos medios de cultivo: M1 y M2. A partir de las plántulas desarrolladas se efectuó la multiplicación en los medios de cultivo M1, M3 y M4. Ambos tratamientos de desinfección resultaron efectivos alcanzando 100% de desinfección de los explantes con cada uno de ellos. La siembra de ápices meristemáticos permitió el establecimiento de cultivos asépticos y un adecuado desarrollo de los explantes después de seis semanas de cultivo, con prendimiento de 83.4% para M1 y 66.6% para M2. El análisis de varianza (Anova) y la prueba de rangos múltiples mostraron que la multiplicación fue mejor en el medio M1 con una mayor tasa de crecimiento y desarrollo del explante, al obtener coeficientes de multiplicación de 7.5 brotes/plántula y una altura promedio de 1.95 cm. | We evaluated a technique of micropropagation in a thornless variety of blackberry (Rubus glaucus) from shoot apical meristems. In the establishment phase, we evaluated a disinfection protocol: soapy solution (commercial detergent and water) for 5 minutes + 70% alcohol for 2 minutes + 3% hypochlorite with two different exposure times: T1 for 5 minutes and T2 for 10 minutes. When the microcuttings were disinfected, the meristematic shoots were removed and established in vitro in a completely random design to evaluate two cultivation mediums: M1 and M2. From the seedlings developed, the multiplication was performed, which tested three cultivation mediums: M1, M3 and M4. Both disinfection treatments were effective achieving 100% disinfection of explants in each of them. Meristematic shoot planting allowed the establishment of aseptic cultivation and adequate development of the explants after six weeks of cultivation with rates of germination of 83.4% for M1 and 66.6% for M2. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple range test with Fisher’s method (LSD), showed that multiplication the M1 medium favored better growth and development of the explant to obtain a multiplication coefficient of 7.5 shoots per seedling and an average height of 1.95 cm.

The bean plant is a legume plant that binds free nitrogen of the air by the nodosity formed in the roots. For this reason, it was aimed to investigate the effect the pod of bean characteristics of bean by applying different doses of phosphorus and nitrogen on Göksun beans cultivar. In the study, 0, 3, 6, 9 kg da-1 phosphorus and 0, 4, 8, 12 kg da-1 nitrogen doses were applied to Göksun bean variety. The pod length (cm), pod width (mm), pod diameter (mm), number of pods per plant (edet), weight of a single pod (g), number of seeds per pod (pieces), weight of single seeds (g) of Göksun bean cultivar were investigated. In the research, it was noted that the effect of phosphorus doses only on the pod diameter, the effects of nitrogen doses on the pod length, pod diameter, pod width, single seed weight and seed number of pod were significant. The differences in number of pods in the plant, seed number of pods, pod length, pod weight, single seed weight in terms of phosphorus and nitrogen interaction were founded statistically significant. According to the results of the research, it was determined that 4 kg da-1 and above nitrogen dose applications made a positive contribution in terms of pod properties

Se evaluó la relación entre la producción de forraje fresco y la materia seca en dos cortes de Manihot esculenta Crantz HMC 1 y el régimen de humedad (RHS) de un Haplustoll éntico fragmental francoso a francoso fragmental isohipertérmico mezclado superactivo 0 - 1%. La humedad en el suelo se registró tres veces por semana, en un sistema de producción experimental en el municipio de El Cerrito (departamento del Valle del Cauca), Colombia. Se evaluaron las densidades de siembra de 40.000; 71.429 y 100.000 plantas/ha en un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Se presentaron diferencias (P < 0.05) por efecto de la distribución del tamaño de las partículas sobre la humedad aprovechable. Para la producción de forraje fueron determinantes los mesoporos del suelo y la lámina de agua fácilmente aprovechable (LAFA) de los primeros 10 cm para el primer corte y entre 25 cm y 40 cm para el segundo. La densidad de siembra no afectó (P > 0.05) la producción de materia seca y forraje verde. | The relationship among Moisture Regime in an Entic Haplustoll loamy fragmental over fragmental loamy isohiperthermic mixed super active 0-1% ( evaluated three times per week) and forage production ( evaluated during two harvest) was investigated in a cassava forage crop production system in the Cauca Valley department, Colombia. A sowing rate of 40,000, 71,429 and 100,000 plants ha-1, under a complete randomized block design was used. Significant differences (P < 0.05) on the effect of the amazement of the soil particle size over the available soil moisture were observed. Soil mesopores and soil available water were determinant on forage yield in the first harvest at 0-10 cm depth and in the second harvest at 25-40 depth. The sowing rate did not have significant effect on dry matter production or in the green forage under the environmental conditions of the experimental site.

Poultry meat quality is controlled by muscle fiber properties associated with body weight gain in the immediate pre- or post-hatch period. This study aimed to determine the effect of administration of branched-chain amino acids blend (BCAAb, 3 L-leucine:1 L-isoleucine:2 L-valine) in the pre- or post-hatch period on the growth performance and fiber characteristics of the Pectoralis major (PM) muscle in turkey poults subjected to early or delayed feeding. Newly hatched poults from eggs injected in ovo with BCAAb or received no injection were used in a 21-d study. Poults (n=192) produced without injection of BCAAb received a starter diet supplemented (BCAA) or not (C) with the BCAAb (2 g/kg) immediately or with a delay of 48 h (48BCAA and 48C) after hatching. Poults (n=36) produced with (IOBCAA) in ovo injection of BCAAb (2 mg /ml) received the diet and water immediately. The BCAA and IOBCAA poults had higher body weight than those of the C, 48C, and 48BCAA birds. The body weight of the C poults was higher than those of the 48C and 48BCAA birds. The BCAA poults had higher PM muscle weight than those of the C and 48C poults, while that of the IOBCAA poults was higher than that of the 48C poults. The IOBCAA treatment increased the protein content of the PM muscle meat, compared with the C and 48C treatments. The 48C treatment increased the type IIB fiber area and the type I and type IIA fiber percentages but decreased the type IIB fiber, compared with other treatments. The numbers of type IIB and total fibers in the IOBCAA poults were higher than those of the 48C birds. In conclusion, administering BCAAb in ovo or in a starter diet enhanced early growth performance and improved the fiber characteristics of the PM muscle in turkey poults.

The aim was to quantify the effect of potassium nitrate (KNO3) on fruit production and canopy volume in Hass avocado (Persea americana Mill.). In Tepic (21º 33’ N y 104º 57’ O), Nayarit. México, from September 2014 to September 2015, a randomized block experiment with ten replicates and 3x2 factorial treatments was established, where factor A was three doses of KNO3: 0, 230, 460 and 690 g per tree; the factor B consisted of the humidity conditions (irrigation and temporal). In different phenological stages the foliar concentration of N and K was quantified and both were correlated; nutrient extraction of K and N in fruit (g), and canopy volume (m3) were quantified. The variables of fruit production, canopy volume and nutrient extraction by fruit showed statistically significant differences under irrigation conditions, being the dose of 690 g of KNO3 which showed higher values. It is concluded that fertilization with KNO3 had a positive effect on fruit production per tree (kg), both under the condition of rainy and irrigation, the increase production was 59 % and 73 % respectively, compared to the control; the effect was greater under irrigation condition which indicates that nitrogen and potassium are more dynamic in the soil-plant system when moisture is available. In the system with irrigation, a positive correlation was observed between the foliar concentration of N and K, which finally favored a higher production. | En la comunidad de la Fortuna, municipio de Tepic, Nayarit. México, ubicada en las coordenadas 21º 33’ N y 104º 57’ O, con una precipitación promedio anual, de 1300 - 1450 mm se evaluó el efecto de la aplicación de nitrógeno (N) utilizando nitrato de potasio (KNO3) en la producción de fruto y el volumen de copa en el cultivo de aguacate (Persea americana Mill.) variedad Hass. La evaluación se realizó durante 1 año a partir de septiembre de 2014. Los tratamientos fueron dispuestos en bloques al azar con diez repeticiones y arreglo factorial 4 x 2, donde el factor A consistió en las dosis de KNO3: 230, 460 y 690 g por árbol más un testigo sin aplicación. El factor B consistió en la aplicación de riego en las condiciones normales de temporal (época de lluvia) en la región. Las concentraciones foliares de N y K fueron determinadas en las diferentes etapas fenológicas del cultivo. La producción de frutos, la extracción N y K en fruto (g), y el volumen de copa (m3) del árbol fueron determinada en el momento de cosecha. Estas variables presentaron diferencias significativas (P &lt; 0.05) tanto en condiciones de temporal como de riego, siendo la dosis de KNO3 de 690 g/árbol la que presentó los valores más altos. El incremento en producción fue de 59% y 73%, respectivamente, en comparación con el testigo; el efecto fue mayor en el sistema de riego lo cual indica que el nitrógeno y el potasio son más dinámicos en el sistema suelo-planta cuando hay disponibilidad de humedad. En este sistema se observó una correlación positiva entre la concentración foliar de N y K y la mayor producción.

Abstract The aim was to quantify the effect of potassium nitrate (KNO3) on fruit production and canopy volume in Hass avocado (Persea americana Mill.). In Tepic (21° 33’ N y 104° 57’ O), Nayarit. México, from September 2014 to September 2015, a randomized block experiment with ten replicates and 3x2 factorial treatments was established, where factor A was three doses of KNO3: 0, 230, 460 and 690 g per tree; the factor B consisted of the humidity conditions (irrigation and temporal). In different phenological stages the foliar concentration of N and K was quantified and both were correlated; nutrient extraction of K and N in fruit (g), and canopy volume (m3) were quantified. The variables of fruit production, canopy volume and nutrient extraction by fruit showed statistically significant differences under irrigation conditions, being the dose of 690 g of KNO3 which showed higher values. It is concluded that fertilization with KNO3 had a positive effect on fruit production per tree (kg), both under the condition of rainy and irrigation, the increase production was 59 % and 73 % respectively, compared to the control; the effect was greater under irrigation condition which indicates that nitrogen and potassium are more dynamic in the soil-plant system when moisture is available. In the system with irrigation, a positive correlation was observed between the foliar concentration of N and K, which finally favored a higher production. | Resumen En la comunidad de la Fortuna, municipio de Tepic, Nayarit. México, ubicada en las coordenadas 21° 33’ N y 104° 57’ O, con una precipitación promedio anual, de 1300 - 1450 mm se evaluó el efecto de la aplicación de nitrógeno (N) y Potasio (K), utilizando nitrato de potasio (KNO3) en la producción de fruto y el volumen de copa en el cultivo de aguacate (Persea americana Mill.) variedad Hass. La evaluación se realizó durante 1 año a partir de septiembre de 2014. Los tratamientos fueron dispuestos en bloques al azar con diez repeticiones y arreglo factorial 4 x 2, donde el factor A consistió en las dosis de KNO3: 230, 460 y 690 g por árbol más un testigo sin aplicación. El factor B consistió en la aplicación y no aplicación de riego, durante la época sin lluvia en la región. Las concentraciones foliares de N y K fueron determinadas en las diferentes etapas fenológicas del cultivo. La producción de frutos, la extracción de N y K en fruto (g), y el volumen de copa (m3) del árbol fueron determinadas en el momento de cosecha. Estas variables presentaron diferencias significativas (P < 0.05) tanto en condiciones de temporal como de riego, siendo la dosis de KNO3 de 690 g/árbol la que presentó los valores más altos. El incremento en producción fue de 59% y 73%, respectivamente, en comparación con el testigo; el efecto fue mayor en el sistema de riego lo cual indica que el nitrógeno y el potasio son más dinámicos en el sistema suelo-planta cuando hay disponibilidad de humedad. En este sistema se observó una correlación positiva entre la concentración foliar de N y K y la mayor producción.