A field survey was conducted to study the factor that determines farmers’ decisions to adapt to climate change in Deurali and Agyouli V.D.Cs of Nawalparasi District. Altogether 180 household, 90 from each V.D.C were selected randomly for the study. A logit regression model was employed in the study. However, in order to measure the magnitude of the impact of the explanatory variables on the decision of the farmer to adapt to climate change marginal effects were computed. The study uses a binary dependent variable taking the value 1 if the farmer adapted to climate change and 0 otherwise. A farmer is considered to have adapted to climate change if he/she has employed at least one of the adaptation strategies such as early and late planting, use of drought resistant crops, zero tillage operation, crop diversification, use of mulching and composting of weeds to control water loss and conserving moisture in the field. This current research considers the following as potential factors determining farmers’ decisions to adapt to climate change; economically active members, education of the household head, farm size, annual cash earnings, access to credit, training and extension. Findings reveal that these factors influence farmers’ decisions to adapt to climate change in Nawalparasi District and marginal effects computed showed that per unit increase in these variables increased the probability of practicing different adaptation strategies by 4.3%, 31.4%, 3%, 1.5%, 17%, 66% respectively. The log likelihood was computed to be -43.45. Psuedo. R2 was calculated to be 39%.

Myxobolus ichkeulensis is one of the species fish parasites within the class Myxozoa that infests the gill filaments of grey mullet (Mugil cephalus). M. ichkeulensis infestation rates vary depending on environmental conditions and seasonal variations. In this research, seasonal infestation ratio of M. ichkeluensis on Grey Mullets living in 4 different environmental conditions, were determined. To accomplish this aim, 25 Grey Mullet individuals were captured monthly from 4 different stations (Karataş Port, Hurma Boğazı Lagoon, Çamlık Lagoon and Yumurtalık Port) within the coastal region of Adana province. In addition, relation between infestation ratio and the following parameters: fish size (length and weight); season and salinity were investigated. Our results revealed that, 109 fish infested out of 1200 fishes (%9.08) by M. ichkeulensis; Highest infestation level (%35.8) was recorded in summer months (July-September) interval. Parasitic cyct settlement on the gill arches was determined to be with the highest rate (48.2%) on the fist arc. The highest infestation level (21%) was recorded in Grey Mullets captured from Yumurtalık Port in comparison to other stations studied.

Fungal fermented protein (FFP) was the alternative feedstuff from Aspergillus niger and can be an interesting choice in poultry diets because these product was containing 20.49 % of crude protein and high leucine (0.58 %), phenylalanine (0.58 %) and lysine (0.38 %) and contained no aflatoxin. The experiments were performed using a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 3 replications employing eight 1-day-old, mixed sex muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) per experimental unit. The control birds were fed with a basal diet whereas the test birds were fed with FFP at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 % of diet. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. The feed intake of the starter showed no significant difference while the grower and finisher had higher feed intake with higher levels of FFP. In contrast, the high level of FFP yielded the lower final body weight and body weight gain, resulting in the high feed conversion ratio (4.38). For the performance of overall period, the ducks fed with 20 % FFP had higher average daily gain (29.40 g/b/d), body weight gain (2,471 g/b) and feed conversion ratio (3.63). No deaths were found in any pens and the ducks remained in good health.

In Sub-Saharan Africa, especially, in Côte d’Ivoire, the wild edible mushroom Termitomyces heimii Natarajan is the most prized and widely consumed for different reasons such as taste, flavour, attractiveness, uses as substitutes for meat or fish and medicinal values. The present study was aimed at evaluating the proximate composition and functional properties of T. heimii flour for further food products formulation. Fresh mushroom T. heimii were obtained from the market of Aboisso (5° 28′ 06″ N and3° 12′ 25″ W) in Côte d’Ivoire. The fresh mushrooms were dried and ground to obtain the crude flour. Chemical composition and functional properties were investigated using standard methods. The chemical composition revealed that it contains crude protein about 23.75%, crude fat 3.58%, moisture 11.59 %, ash 7.40%, total carbohydrate 54.70% and energy value of 345.90 kcal/ 100 g. These results suggest that T. heimii can be used in human diet to prevent undernourishment due to protein. Furthermore, the low fat content suggest that it would be an ideal food for obese persons and useful in preventing hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. The functional properties showed that it has high bulk density and water absorption capacity with values of 0.737 g/mL and 315.15 ± 45.74% respectively. This flour exhibited also good foaming properties. All these characteristics make it suitable as good thickeners in food products, useful in foods such as bakery products which require hydration and attractive for products like cakes or whipping topping where foaming is important. The mushroom T. heimii could be utilized for making some low-fat foodstuffs and snacks with considerable protein content. The mushroom flour shows good functional characteristics for use in many food industries.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’nin tarımsal mekanizasyon düzeyini, coğrafik bölgeler açısından belirlemektir. Bu amaçla, Türkiye’nin coğrafik bölgelerinin tarımsal mekanizasyon düzeyi verileri için; 2013 yılına ait Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu verileri kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, Türkiye’de işlenen alana düşen traktör sayısı, traktör gücü ile traktöre düşen işlenen alan ortalamaları 2013 yılı için sırasıyla 77,73 traktör/1000 ha, 3,34 kW/ha ve 12,87 ha/traktör olarak bulunmuştur. Türkiye’de tarımsal mekanizasyon düzeyinin en yüksek ve en düşük olduğu bölgeler sırasıyla Ege Bölgesi ve Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi olup, mekanizasyon düzeyine yönelik ortalama değerler sırasıyla 147,86-27,23 traktör/1000 ha, 6,36-1,17 kW/ha ve 6,76-36,72 ha/traktör olarak bulunmuştur. 1000 ha işlenen alana düşen biçerdöver sayısı sırasıyla Marmara ve Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde 2,16 ve 0,07 değerleriyle bulunurken, en yüksek ve en düşük traktör başına düşen tarım alet ve makinaları sayısı ise sırasıyla İç Anadolu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu’dan elde edilirken, birim traktör başına tarım makinaları ve aletleri ağırlığı en yüksek ve en düşük sırasıyla İç Anadolu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu’da tespit edilmiştir. Türkiye’de tarımsal mekanizasyon kriterleri, coğrafik bölgelere göre farklılık göstermekte ve istenen düzeyde değildir.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of use organo-mineral fertilizers and poultry manure on yield and quality of seed tubers different potatoes varieties (Solanum tuberosum L.). The study was designed in three replicated completely randomized block factorial design with eight potato cultivars (Madaline, Provento, Marfona, Agata, Arizona, Mustang, Rumba and Saviola) and including three different fertilizer as Hexaferm organo-mineral (%20 organics, 8-21-0+Zn), compost (1 t da-1) and fermented poultry manure (1 t da-1). In order to determine the effect of fertilizer forms on the yield and quality characteristics of different varieties of potatoes were examined features like output time of the tuber, output rates, plant height, stem number per hill, tuber yield per hill, total tuber yield, cracks tuber yield, dry matter content, starch content and specific gravity. Used fertilizers have no significant effect on output time of the tuber, output rates, plant height, stem number per hill, total tuber yield, dry matter content, starch content and specific gravity of varieties. The difference observed in terms of output time of the tuber, output rates, plant height, stem number per hill between the varieties was insignificant. The difference between the average tuber yield per hill, total tuber yield, cracks tuber yield, dry matter content, starch content and specific gravity of varieties were significant. Similarly, the fertilizers had a significant effect on the average tuber yield per hill of varieties . The significant interactions were found on traits average tuber yield per hill and average specific gravity between Fertilizer x Varieties. As a result, considered economically the fermented and compost poultry manure can be used instead of organo-mineral fertilizers in the production of seed potatoes.

Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) technology is gaining popularity worldwide for its potential of extending shelf life of fresh produce with better fruit quality. Effect of MAP (using Xtend® bags), was investigated on postharvest storage life and quality of mango cvs Sindhri and Sufaid Chaunsa stored at 11°C with 80-85% RH for 4 and 5 weeks respectively, in comparison with un-bagged (control) fruit. Uniform physiological mature fruit of Sindhri and Sufaid Chaunsa were harvested from a commercial mango orchard along with 4-5 cm long pedicel and were de-sapped in 0.5% lime solution (to avoid sap burn injury). Later on fruit were given cold water fungicidal dip (Sportak @ 0.5ml/L, Active Ingredient: Prochloraz) followed by hot water treatment (52°C; 5 min). After shade drying and pre-cooling (11°C; 10-12 hours), fruit were packed according to the treatment combination and stored at 11°C. Fruit of both varieties were removed after 2, 3 and 4 weeks of storage followed by ripening at 24±2°C with an additional removal after 5 weeks for Sufaid Chaunsa only. Fruit quality was evaluated for various bio-chemical, organoleptic and physical parameters at two stages of ripening (at removal day and at final ripening day). Fruit of both varieties stored in MAP exhibited better firmness and retained green colour as compared to un-bagged fruit. Quality of fruit subjected to postharvest fungicidal application and hot water treatments and stored under MAP at 11°C showed better peel colour development and less disease development. Moreover, storage durations and post storage ripening stages significantly affected fruit peel colour, textural softness and disease development. Further, cv. Sindhri showed better storage potential with lower disease incidence as compared to cv. Sufaid Chaunsa which warrants further studies on disease control aspects.

This study examined kinetic modeling of the detoxification induced by dechlorination of laccase enzyme obtained from Trametes versicolor which is a white rot fungi strain and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol which is a toxic chlorinated phenolic compound. In the evaluation of the kinetics of detoxification induced by dechlorination of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol used as substrate, the Systat 10 software package which is a statistics program was used while two-substrate solution environment was used to explain the kinetic behavior of the dechlorination. It was observed as a result of experiments and statistical analysis that Moser equation is the optimal kinetic model. Given the statistical data obtained and the graph, the dual-substrate model was found to be compatible with the experimental data. The bio-kinetic parameter values obtained for the model that identifies enzymatic dechlorination kinetics were calculated as Vmax =9.341 ppmO2/min, Ks =38.254 g/L, Ko =20.747 ppm, R = 1.895 and N = 1.233. In the literature, no studies were found on kinetic modeling for the degradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and through this study, we have been first to conduct a study on kinetic modeling of the degradation induced by enzymatic dechlorination of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. The GC/MS analysis results showed that the chlorophenolic compound used throughout the enzymatic dechlorination performed with laccase enzyme was degraded 80% to 100%. Based on the GC/MS analysis results, the conclusion that the enzyme responsible for the dechlorination was laccase was also found to support the findings available in literature.

This study executed the economic return of naturally and artificially hatched geese in intensive and free-range production systems at different fattening periods. The animal material was consisted of 216 goslings which were naturally and artificially hatched from the eggs collected from back-yard. Goslings and feed was the highest share of variable expenses. Highest net profit from live and carcass sales was obtained from geese which were artificially hatched and reared in intensive (YK) and free-range (YSG) systems until 14, 16 and 18 weeks of age. Live sale relative profit was found higher at 14 weeks in YK and YSG groups. Relative profit of carcass sales in YSG and YK groups at 14 and 16 weeks; and YK group at 18 weeks. As a conclusion, when we consider feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and probable mortality at older ages-related to metabolic problems; 14 weeks seemed as the optimal slaughter age and economic return for the naturally and artificially hatched geese which were reared in intensive and free-range systems.

The aim of this study is to determine socio-economic properties and problems of the control officers in Istanbul province. The data are obtained via the questionnaire method from 99 control officers in the period of August-October 2015. As method, it is used to frequency, percent distributions and averages for personal and professional characteristics, opinions about related laws and categorized problems of control officers. Also, it is analyzed the relationship between sufficient and effective of official checking and some characteristics of control officers with Chi-square test (X2). It is determine that 58.59% of control officer are men and their averaged ages are 35.09. The people have been worked in the Ministry for 8.59 years and are control officers for 5.90 years in average. The majority of the people (91.92%) have been got trained in-service, and HACCP basic training is the most participated issue (85.86%). Although 64.65% of the people are satisfied with their jobs, the ratio of the people who consider with sufficient and effective of official checking is very low (27.27%) and 38.38% of the people stated that feel coercion with applying administrative sanction. The most important categorized problems of control officers are amendments frequently in legislation (74.75%), insufficient teams/officers in official controls (70.71%), lack of own directorate buildings in physical structure and equipment (36.36%) and insufficient payments in other job problem (59.60%). It is determined with chi-square test that there were significant relationships between the sufficiency and effectiveness of official controls and homeland of persons, job satisfaction, sufficiency in providing food safety of 5996 numbered law, feeling coercion applying administrative sanction. Solution of control officers’ problems and periodically training in food safety aspects could provide the contributions in food safety.