Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), one of the casual agents of citrus decline, is responsible for the death of millions of citrus trees and reduced production and productivity of citrus orchards worldwide. CTV epidemics has been recorded from several parts of the world where mainly steam pitting (SP) and quick decline (QD) strains of CTV have induced severe disease reactions. Identification and characterization of CTV isolates primarily has been focused on the biological assaying in indicator plants, serology-based ELISA and molecular PCR tests. Controlling the presence and spread of CTV where it is absent or establishment is limited heavily relies upon preventive measures, quarantine and legislations. Cross protection is an appealing technique especially for controlling CTV – Stem Pitting strains and use of CTV resistant rootstocks largely prevent infection by CTV – Quick Decline strains. More reliable and effective way to control CTV is breeding for resistant or tolerant cultivars. Advances in molecular biology have lead scientists to find out genes and map genetic loci of CTV resistant citrus and related species that could be exploited in breeding. However incorporation of resistant ability offered by a handful of citrus and its related species into the susceptible cultivars containing other desirable agronomical traits is challenging through classical plant breeding approaches. The following review work is based on Citrus tristza virus and its management practices.

Defining new genetic markers to understand the population structure and genetic basis of cattle breeds, increase production and improve yield quality is of great importance in the field of modern breeding technology. In this study, it was aimed to identify new molecular marker polymorphisms by using DNA sequence analysis method on the Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein, Acıd-Labile Subunit (IGFALS) gene, which affects different yield characteristics in cattle. 20 samples from PCR products with various base sizes were randomly chosen for sequence analysis. The study revealed that the IGFALS gene’s first exon region, which is 492 bp long, contains the g.1368491 A/G polymorphism. A 463 bp length region of the second exon was where the g.1369854 -/G insertion was found.

The aim of this study was to assess the nutrient composition and sensory properties of breakfast cereal made from yellow maize and enriched with soybean and groundnut flours. Yellow maize was replaced with groundnut (GF) (15–35%) and soybean flour (SBF) (10–15%) to produce a more nutritionally balanced breakfast cereal. Proximate, mineral, vitamin, and sensory analysis were carried out on the formulated breakfast cereals. The results showed that groundnut and soybean flour supplementation significantly increased the protein content (20.90–23.01%) as compared to the control along with an increase in fat (10.52-11.28%), crude fibre (2.98–3.90%), and ash (1.99–2.60%), while carbohydrate (57.09–52.66%) and energy (406.64–403.79 Kcal) decreased with the incremental addition of SBF and GF. Similarly, calcium (36.16-37.98 mg/100g), magnesium (32.16-37.98 mg/100g), potassium (10.62-12.16 mg/100g), iron (42.21-48.65 mg/100g) and vitamin A (70.07-74.01) g/dl) content of the breakfast cereals also increased significantly with increasing SBF and GF substitution, while a decrease was observed for phosphorus. The highest total score of sensory evaluation was for the control sample (golden morn), which was followed closely by the sample containing 20% GF and 15% SBF. Higher levels of SBF and GF can improve the nutritional value of breakfast cereals.

The research was conducted in the years of 2020-2021 during the growing seasons such as 2021A started from September 2020 till the end of January 2021 and 2021 B started from February till end of June 2021, in Busogo sector, Musanze District, Northern Province. The purpose of this project was to assess the impact of fertilization and drying methods such as sun drying, dry shelter and kitchen drying on aflatoxin contamination in maize before and after harvesting. The area from which this project was conducted was chosen due to the availability of a lot of number of maize growers who cultivate them not only for consumption but also for trade purpose either processed or non-processed. During this study, a total of twenty-four samples were collected, examined and evaluated for aflatoxin levels in both seasons. In the season 2021A and 2021B sample collection equivalent to twelve in each season was done then dried them within 30 days by using different drying methods such as dry shelter, kitchen drying, sun drying. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four treatment of fertilizer combination in four replications was used in this study and all experimental plots were planted with one maize variety (H628) purchased from Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board. Except samples from maize cultivated without fertilizer, level of aflatoxin infection was found to be higher 10 Parts per billion. The East African countries community standard limit of 10 parts per billion which indicate a health risk to the consumer, when comparing the three drying methods employed in this study, the kitchen drying method produced lower levels of aflatoxin (1.6 parts per billion) than the dry shelter (3.2 parts per billion) and sun drying methods (2.9 parts per billion), samples taken from the control plot (T4) stands for no fertilizer application resulted greater levels of aflatoxin with an average of 25.75 prts per billion compared to other treatments which yielded aflatoxin levels of at lower than 10 parts per billion. The use of kitchen drying can be recommended as well as mixture of both organic and inorganic fertilizers when growing maize in order to reduce the level of aflatoxin.

Honey, bee venom, royal jelly, pollen, propolis and other bee products are natural products that are used to protect and maintain human health, to create a strong and dynamic health condition, and used as a ethnopharmacological medicine in the therapy of some illness. The use of different bee products to strengthen the immune system is still very common today. In this study, it was aimed to determine the in vitro effects of royal jelly samples collected from Sivas province in HUVEC cell culture conditions by determining the healing endothelial damage. In this context, royal jelly samples were obtained from the province of Sivas, where beekeeping is carried out intensively and successfully, in the 2022 harvest period. The effect of royal jelly extracts on the cell proliferation of endothelial cell culture was investigated. Repair of endothelial cell damage, cell growth and development and migration values were measured using the HUVEC cell line, and the data were evaluated with SPSS, GraphPad, ImageJ programs. Although there were significantly important increases in cell growth, development and cell viability values in HUVEC cells treated with different doses of royal jelly at the end of 24 and 48 hours, no statistically significant difference was found in terms of cell migration ratio compared to the control group.

Sorghum is one of the major staple crops grown in the poorest and most food-insecure regions of Ethiopia. Sorghum production is predominantly based on local seeds with limited use of commercial fertilizer or other chemicals. This study is therefore aimed to demonstrate the improved sorghum variety with its improved management practices and to assess farmers’ and extension workers’ reactions. The newly released variety of Beletew was evaluated with the variety of Melkam. The experiments were implemented using a simple plot design with farmers’ fields as a replicate. The result revealed that in both locations, the studied varieties showed nonsignificant variation in grain yield. Besides, all the participant farmers were agreed that the variety Beletew had compacted panicle, a larger number of spikes per panicle, stayed green character and yellow seed color. Similarly, about 78.3% and 65.6% of the participant farmers from Efratana gidim and Ensaro Districts respectively agreed that the variety Beletew had a larger panicle size than the variety Melkam and expected higher grain yields from it. Therefore based on the grain yield performance of the result of farmers’ evaluation, the new variety of Beletew was recommended to be pre-scale on a wider scale to sorghum-growing lowland areas as an alternative shortmatured varieties.

Agricultural management is one of the main factors to ameliorate environment adverse effects. Climate change has adverse effects on water availability in drought and semi-drought regions that constrain crop survival. In order to investigate the effect of irrigation intervals on morphological characteristics and yield components of savory plant (Satureja spicigera L.), an experiment was carried out based on randomized complete block design in three levels irrigation interval treatments (7 days (I7), 14 days (I14) and 21 days (I21)) with three replications in Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during of 2019. Results showed that with increase in irrigation intervals, all morphological characteristics and yield components were decreased. However there was no significant differences in seed and essence yield, plant canopy area, number of main stems, number of branches and stem diameter due to I7 and I14 treatments. In drought stress (I21), seed width was more affected than seed length. The lowest percentage of survival was observed in I21 treatment which was reduced by 26% and 35% respectively, compared to treatments I14 and I7. By increasing the irrigation interval to 21 days, the highest reduction in savory characteristics occurred, so that the highest and lowest biomass and seed yield were recorded from I7 and I21 treatments, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between biomass and plant height (r = 0.998*), total plant leaf area (r = 0.770*), number of main stems (r = 0.796*) and number of branches (r = 0.998*). It seems that savory production can be improved in acceptable amount with 14-day irrigation interval.

In this study, limit application rates and different spray nozzle positions effects on coverage rate, drop diameter and amount of tracer residue values were determined of application defoliating agent before machine harvest on cotton plant. Researches were carried on two phases as indoor area trials and laboratory analysis. In these researches, artificial cotton plants were used. Indoor area trials were conducted two different application rates (20 and 40 L da-1) and three different in spray nozzle positions (NP1, NP2 and NP3) by using conventional hollow cone spray nozzle. 27 pieces of sampling area were determined that they were included the two sides of the plant and plant center position of the upper-middle-lower in initiative area on plants. Six initiative areas were determined in order to record efficiency in initiative area on plants. For the purpose of deposition of trace amounts of substances were determined in sampling area; water-sensitive paper is placed on top that included both over the leaves and beneath the leaves in order to detect each filter paper, and drop diameter, rate of coverage. The amount of deposit on areas that were done analysis in laboratory conditions was determined to with spectrophotometer. Drop diameters and coverage rate detection were done analysis on image analysis. According to the results, it is determined that NP3 which is used generally in 40 L da-1 norm provide the best deposition and coverage rate on applications of defoliant, in addition to pesticide reach on leaf beneath in merely this spray nozzle position.

This study, which was carried out in 2014-2015 to determine the agronomic characteristics of some chickpea lines and varieties under Şanlıurfa ecological conditions, was conducted in the experimental trial areas of GAP Agricultural Research Institute. 20 registered chickpea genotypes and 3 control varieties were used in the study, which was established according to the randomized block design with three replications. In the study, phenological traits such as the number of days until flowering after 50% emergence, the number of days until pod tying, the number of days after emergence and vegetation duration and agronomic traits such as plant height, first pod height, days to maturity, one hundred grain weight and yield per decare were examined in chickpea plants. During the study, Ascochyta blight disease controls of chickpea varieties were also carried out depending on the climatic conditions. In the study, the highest grain yield was obtained from Işık (181.65 kg/da) variety and the lowest grain yield was obtained from Uzunlu variety (108.34 kg/da) at Şanlıurfa location. In terms of both growing seasons, the highest average protein analysis values were obtained from Yaşa variety with 25.77% and the lowest from İnci variety wıth22.02%.

Bu çalışma Tokat-Zile kuru ve sulu koşullarında 25 adet makarnalık buğday çeşidinin verim ve verim özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla 2019-2020 ve 2020-2021 buğday yetiştirme döneminde yürütülmüştür. Denemeler, kuru ve sulu koşullarda Tesadüf Blokları Bölünmüş Parsel Deneme Desenine göre üç tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Çalışmada, birleştirilmiş çevreler (yıl, kuru-sulu) ortalamaları doğrultusunda incelenen tüm özellikler bakımından çeşitler arasında önemli farklılıklar bulunmuştur. Çeşitlerin kuru ve sulu koşullarda ortalama başaklanma süresi 153,8 ve 155,1 gün, olgunlaşma süresi 186,0 ve 188,7 gün, bitki boyu 66,2 ve 70,7 cm, metrekarede başak sayısı 245,4 ve 300,6 adet, başak uzunluğu 5,9 ve 6,4 cm, başakta tane sayısı 26,6 ve 29,7 adet, tek başak verimi 1,26 ve 1,48 g, bin tane ağırlığı 41,5 ve 43,4 g, hektolitre ağırlığı 80,4 ve 810 kg, tane verimi 252,8 ile 315,9 kg/da olarak belirlenmiştir. Sulu koşullarda elde edilen ortalama değerler kuru koşullardan daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Birleştirilmiş çevrelerin sonuçlarına göre çeşitlerin tane verimleri 220,2-351,3 kg/da arasında değişim göstermiştir. Araştırmada, başak uzunluğu ve bitki boyu bakımından Soylu, bin tane ağırlığı bakımından Şahinbey ve Ankara 98, hektolitre ağırlığı bakımından Sarıçanak 98, tane verimi bakımından Eminbey, Altın 40/98, Mirzabey ve Ankara 98 çeşitleri ön plana çıkmıştır. Tokat Zile yöresinde yüksek tane verimi ve istenen diğer özelliklere sahip Eminbey, Altın 40/98 ve Ankara 98 çeşitlerinin başarıyla yetiştirilebileceği belirlenmiştir.