Mitochondrial genomes are key targets in controlling fungal plant pathogens and mediate adaptive responses like fungicide resistance. Respiratory inhibitor fungicides (RIs) are widely used against many fungal pathogens, including Monilia fructi cola and M. lax, which are casual agents of brown rot of stone fruits worldwide. Although resistance to RIs has been reported in these species, the genetic basis is not fully elucidated. and is hypothesized to involve mitochondrial genome variations. To explore this, mitogenomic variations was comprehensively analysed to assess the resistance responses of two Monilia species to three RIs, including two technical grade fungicides (bosclid and azoxystrobin) and, a commercial one (signum). Whole mitogenome data from sixteen isolates of two species with different resistance/susceptibility phenotypes were analysed for certain gene mutations, mitochondrial variants, heteroplasmy, and sequence kernel associations. The results indicated that commonly known mutations and low levels of heteroplasmy do not fully explain resistance. In Monilinia fructicola, the presence of multiple variants appears to contribute to resistance, however, no variant patterns corresponded significantly with resistance phenotype in M. laxa. Providing a broad perspective, this study serves as a valuable model and supports the potential of mitogenome-focused RI resistance research. These insights contribute to a better understanding of specific resistance responses, thereby supporting the development of more effective pathogen control strategies.

Microgreens have become popular due to the positive health and high nutritional value effects of the bioactive compounds they contain. This study aimed to determine the total phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant contents of red radish and parsley microgreens and to evaluate their anticancer effects in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells (CLL). After methanolic extraction of microgreens, DPPH, radical scavenging activity and total polyphenol and flavonoid content were analyzed spectrophotometrically. The effects of microgreens on MEC-1 and HG-3 CLL cell lines were determined by MTT method. The methanolic total flavonoid content of red radish and parsley microgreens were 2,562 mg/g RE and 1,306 mg/g RE, respectively; total polyphenol contents were 4,133 mg/g GAE and 1,851 mg/g GAE, respectively; DPPH radical scavenging activity were 701,423 µg/g GAE and 625,717 µg/g GAE, respectively. The IC50 concentrations were found 70 mg/ml and 75 mg/ml for parsley microgreen for MEC-1 and HG-3 cell lines, respectively; 65 mg/ml for red radish microgreen for MEC-1 cells, while more cell proliferation was observed at the doses applied for HG-3 cells. Higher antioxidant content was found in microgreen radish than in parsley. Methanolic microgreen extracts significantly reduced cell proliferation in CLL cell cultures at varying levels. Of interest in terms of potential antitumor effects, microgreen radish extracts, which are rich in polyphenol content, showed a proliferative effect on wild-type CLL cells. In conclusion, this study is important in terms of revealing the activities of various microgreens, particularly radish and parsley microgreens, and detailing their benefits on human health.

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) is an annual herbaceous plant in the Fabaceae family. It is an important legume plant with 20-25% protein, 1.3-1.5% fat and 5.1-5.8% fiber, and has an important place in human and animal nutrition. In recent years, the rapid increase in the world population, the zoning of agricultural areas and the excessive use of chemical fertilizers in order to obtain higher yields from the unit area cause deterioration of the soil structure. Different methods have started to be applied to improve soil structure. One of these methods is the use of microbial fertilizers. Microbial fertilizers are an innovative and sustainable approach that improves chemical, physical and microbiological properties of soil and facilitates the uptake of plant nutrients. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of different microbial fertilizer applications on the technological characteristics of Akkız 86 and Karagöz 86 cowpea varieties by multivariate analysis methods. The minimum and maximum values obtained in the study are as follows: dry weight 17.98 - 19.29 g, dry volume 18.16 - 20.66 ml, fresh weight 42.15 - 46.53 g, fresh volume 44.16 - 47.83 ml, water absorption capacity 0.24 - 0.27 g/piece, water absorption index 1.33 - 1.66%, hydration coefficient 132.80 - 142. 55%, swelling capacity 0.256 - 0.296 ml/grain, swelling index 2.25 - 2.63%, unit volume weight 0.93 - 0.99 g/ml, cooking time 18.16 - 20.16 min and number of grains dispersed after cooking 0.33 - 2.66. In this study, İmed microbial fertilizer applied to cowpea plant had positive effects on cooking time, water absorption index, swelling index and swelling capacity parameters.

In this study, the effects of season, gender, parity and year of birth on the birth weight of Holstein and Swedish Reds calves raised under ecological conditions in the eastern Black Sea region of Türkiye were investigated. For this purpose, 985 birth weight records of calves born on a private organic dairy farm were utilized. The data were analyzed by Univariate Analysis of Variance method available in IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0 software. Study results showed that season had a significant (P < 0.01) effect on the birth weight of Holstein Friesian calves. The highest birth weight was observed in the spring season with 42.29 kg. Average birth weight for male calves was 41.8 kg, while female calves weighed 40.4 kg (P < 0.01). First parity dams had the lowest calf birth weight with an average of 38.7 kg. Calves from Holstein cows in second parity had the highest birth weight with 42.8 kg (P < 0.01). The effects of season on the birth weight were statistically significant in Swedish Red calves. Male and female Swedish Reds did not differ significantly with respect to their birth weights. The parity significantly influenced the birth weight of Swedish Red calves in a way (P < 0.05). Calves born from first-parity dams had an average birth weight of 40.3 kg, while those born to multiparous cows had an average of 41.4 kg. Additionally, the year had a notable effect on birth weight, with statistical significance (P < 0.01) observed in both breeds.

Günümüzde sıkı çevre düzenlemeleri, sürdürülebilirlik politikaları ve artan tüketici sağlığı bilinci, sanayileri atık yönetimi konusunda daha sorumlu davranmaya yönlendirmektedir. Süt endüstrisinin yüksek organik içeriğe sahip bir yan ürünü olan peyniraltı suyu (PAS), geleneksel olarak çevresel bir atık olarak değerlendirilse de biyoteknoloji, enerji üretimi ve gıda sanayiinde yenilikçi uygulamalarla değerlendirilmeye başlanmıştır. PAS’ın yüksek biyokimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (BOİ) ve kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (KOİ) nedeniyle doğrudan çevreye deşarj edilmesi ciddi kirlilik sorunlarına yol açmaktadır. Bu kapsamda, sürdürülebilir PAS yönetimi için biyoteknolojik ve çevre dostu çözümler geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışma, PAS’ın atık yönetimi süreçlerine entegrasyonunu sağlayan teknolojik yenilikleri araştırmaktadır. Özellikle biyogaz, biyoetanol ve biyoplastik üretimi gibi enerji geri kazanım yöntemleri, PAS’ın ekonomik değerini artırırken çevresel etkilerini azaltmaktadır. Ayrıca PAS, fonksiyonel gıda üretimi ve yenilebilir film kaplamaları gibi uygulamalarda kullanılarak katma değerli ürünlere dönüştürülebilmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra, PAS’ın biyoteknolojik yöntemlerle değerlendirilmesi, sürdürülebilir gıda üretimi ve ekonomik sürdürülebilirlik açısından önemli bir potansiyel sunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın temel hedefleri; süt sektörü atıklarının çevresel etkilerini değerlendirmek, PAS’ın besinsel ve sağlık açısından sunduğu çok fonksiyonlu faydaları incelemek ve PAS’ın çeşitli gıda ve biyoteknolojik ürünlere entegrasyonunu sağlayan sürdürülebilir yaklaşımları tartışarak endüstriyel uygulamalara katkılarını vurgulamaktır. Bu doğrultuda, PAS’ın değerlendirilmesine yönelik yenilikçi yaklaşımlar ele alınarak, çevresel, ekonomik ve endüstriyel avantajları kapsamlı bir şekilde analiz edilmiştir.

Dünya nüfus artışının tarımsal üretime etkileri ile bitki hastalıklarının bu üretim üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri, günümüzde giderek daha fazla önem kazanmaktadır. Her yıl, küresel ürün kayıplarının %20-40’ı hastalıklardan meydana gelmektedir. Tarımsal üretimde verim ve kaliteyi artırmak için hastalık etmenlerinin hızlı ve doğru bir şekilde tanısı gereklidir. Özellikle Pythium cinsi oomiset’ler, bitkilerin köklerinde ve farklı dokularında önemli zararlara yol açarak ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Morfolojik tanı yöntemleri zaman alıcı ve araştırmacılar için zorluklar içerirken, moleküler teknikler (örneğin, Real-time PCR, LAMP) duyarlılık ve özgüllük sunarak kısmen daha etkili çözümler sağlamaktadır. Sonuç olarak, tarımsal üretim için ciddi sorunlara neden olan Pythium türlerinin etkilerini azaltmak, erken teşhis ve mücadele yöntemlerinin geliştirilmesiyle mümkün olacaktır. Bunun için hem moleküler hem de immünolojik yöntemlerin entegre bir şekilde kullanılması, bitki hastalıklarının kontrolünde daha etkili yöntemler geliştirilmesine yardımcı olacaktır.

Kestane hortumluböceği Curculio elephas (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) ve Kestane içkurdu Cydia splendana (Hübner) (Lep.: Tortricidae) kestane üretiminde kalite ve verim kayıplarına neden olan önemli zararlılardır. Aydın ve İzmir illerinde 2021-2023 yılları arasında yapılan bu çalışmada, hasat olgunluğundaki kestane meyvelerinde C.elephas ve C. splendana zararları incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla farklı yöresel ve tescilli çeşitlerden hasat sonrası meyve örnekleri alınmıştır. Meyvelerdeki genel bulaşıklılık oranı düşük olmasına (Aydın %9,44; İzmir %12,83) karşın bazı bahçelerde zararın %80 seviyelerine çıktığı görülmüştür. İki türün toplam zararı, 2021, 2022 ve 2023 yıllarında sırasıyla Aydın’da %14,58, %5,83, %7,93 ve İzmir’de %18,60, %13,47, %6,43 olmuştur. Zararda C. splendana’nın payı C. elephas’ın payından büyük bulunmuştur. Bahçelerde en yüksek C.elephas ve C. splendana zararı sırasıyla %30 ve %50 olarak saptanmıştır. C. elephas zararı Aydın’da %0,60-6,75, İzmir’de %1,89-9,17; C. splendana zararları Aydın’da %3,58-7,58; İzmir’de %3,00-9,69 arasında gerçekleşmiştir. En fazla zarar Beydağ ve Ödemiş ilçelerinde meydana gelmiş, onları Nazilli ilçesi izlemiştir. Zarar oranı kestane çeşitine göre değişmiştir. En fazla zarar tescilli çeşitler İbrahimbey Işıklar (%28,18) ve Karasu’da (%12,00); yöresel çeşitlerden (genotipler) ise Salman (%80,00), Deli (%39,50) ve Sarıaşı’da (%28,70), en az zarar Sarıaşlama (%8,00) ve Tahtakaraaşı (%8,22) çeşitlerinde belirlenmiştir. Tapanaşı çeşidinde zarar görmüş meyveye rastlanmamıştır.

The study produced milk drink that is high in protein and energy from soy beans and tiger nuts blends as well as to assess the beverage qualitatively and customer acceptability using response surface methodology (RSM). The principal raw materials used were soybeans and tiger nut. They were processed into milk at different formulations without using chemical preservative. Sensory evaluation, pH, titratable acidity as well as proximate and mineral compositions were determined. The results showed that the minimum and maximum colour score varied from 4.4 to 5.0. The quadratic model for colour was found to be significant (p<0.05) in tiger nut inclusion. The model equation obtained for colour = 4.50 + 0.048*A + 0.098*B + 0.019*A2 + 0.12*B2 + 0.18*A*B where A = Soybeans, B = Tiger nut. Mouth feel model’s F-value of 7.35 indicates that it was significant (p<0.05). Model terms are considered important when the “Probability > F” value was less than 0.05. The model for quadratic equation for mouth feel was 7.290. +5.00 -0.091*A -0.19*B -0.14* A2 -0.44* B2 +0.45* A*B. The model for the quadratic equation for Taste = +3.90 +0.030*A +0.020* B +0.21*A2 +0.056*B2 +0.075*A*B adequate precision = 3.65, corrected R2 = 0.29, R2 = 0.59 and the predicted R2 = -1.94. It was observed the pH values decreases with storage days from day 0 to day 8 for samples A, I and Z.  On day 12, the pH values increased for all the samples except for sample M.  The Titratable acid increased as the pH decreased. On the 0 day, sample A had value of 20.8 while sample M was 23.33. However, sample I increased from 0, 4, 8 and 12 days (20.19, 20.20, 22.47 and 23.73) respectively. Sample M had the highest protein content (3.52%), followed by sample A (3.21%), sample I (3.01%) and sample Z (2.02%). Sample Z had the lowest fiber content (0.30%), next was sample I (O.43 %), sample A (0.51%), and sample M (0.54%). The range of moisture contents was 81.03 to 82.04%.  Conclusively, optimizing soybeans at 100g/ml with 40 g/ml of tiger nut could help to improve the sensory attributes such as colour, taste, mouth feel, flavor and overall acceptance. The formulation could influence shelf stability of product, bridge protein in-balance and reduction in malnutrition level.

Promoting rooftop farming using suitable grow bag media is of utmost importance in densely populated cities like Lalitpur to sustain the human race. To assess the productivity and other economic characteristics of bell peppers, an experiment was conducted from Feb 2022 to Jun 2022 in different grow bag media on the premises of Vegetable Crop Development Centre, Khumaltar, Lalitpur. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with four replications and five treatments with growing media: Coco peat: vermicompost (1:1), Soil: sand: FYM (Farmyard Manure) (1:1:1), Soil: Sand: FYM: Vermicompost (1.25:0.75:0.5:0.5), Soil: vermicompost (1:1), and Soil: ash: FYM (1:0.5:1) on the cultivar California Wonder. Growth parameters like plant height (47.865 cm), number of leaves (50.6), number of branches/plant (9.5), and stem diameter, and yield parameters like total fruit weight (1693.93 gm), average fruit weight (84.68 gm), number of fruits (42.75), fruit diameter (6.37 cm), and fruit length (7.22 cm) were observed during the experiment. The media consisting of T3 (Soil: Sand: FYM: Vermicompost (1.25:0.75:0.5:0.5)) proved to be statistically superior over the rest of the combinations for almost all aspects under investigation, whereas comparatively poor performance was observed in Coco peat: vermicompost (1:1) media. This study suggests that the grow bag media of Soil: Sand: FYM: vermicompost (1.25:0.75:0.5:0.5) gave the highest gross return and net return, with the highest B: C ratio (2.08) observed in the grow bag media of Soil: Sand: FYM (1:1:1).

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of palm oil, African walnut oil and their blends on hematological, inflammatory, and some oxidative stress markers in high fat diet (HFD) obese-induced Wistar rats. Obesity was induced for 60 days and treated for 28 days using edible oils [palm oil, African walnut oil, palm oil: African walnut oil (50:50) and palm oil : African walnut oil (60:40)] and orlistat (10 mg/Kg). Thereafter the animals were sacrificed, blood was collected for hematological studies and the preparation of the serum, while the organs harvested were used to prepare organ homogenates. Serum and organ homogenates were used for the evaluation of inflammation and oxidative stress markers. Results showed that the oils utilized were confirmed to be of high quality through their good stability indices (peroxide value: 2.52-3.87meq O2/Kg; p-anisidine value: 8.24-12.33, TOTOX value: 13.37-19.46,). Looking at the haematological study, animals that received the HFD presented the lowest (p<0.05) hematocrit and Platelet. PO:WO (50:50 and 60:40) significantly (p<0.05) decreased the granulocytes concentration in the blood of rats. PO:WO (50:50) significantly (p<0.05) increased the lymphocyte concentration while 100% PO increased the mid-size white blood cells level in the animals. Serum levels of inflammation markers were higher (p<0.05) in the negative control group (354.44-385.82 pg/mL) compared to the other groups (147.22-271.55 pg/mL). The analysis of oxidative stress parameters revealed that the administered oils and orlistat generally exhibited good protections compared to the normal and negative control groups, which might be due to the presence of omega-3 fatty acids and bioactives such as β-carotene and vitamin E which have good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It can be concluded that these oils have a role in protecting against obesity through their effects on oxidative stress, hematology, and inflammatory cytokines.