Essential oil composition, antimicrobial activity and flavonoid contents of leaf-fruits of Cedrus libani and Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana were determined with GC-MS, disc diffusion method and HPLC in three different period. When the essential oil composition of leaf and fruits of P. nigra ssp pallasiana collected in April, July and September, major components were α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, β-caryophyllene ve germacrene-D. On the other hand, additionally to these contents, myrcene and α–terpineol were also detected in C. libani. According to HPLC analysis, rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, naringin and resveratrol flavonoids were detected in different proportions. While rutin (154.33 µg g-) and resveratrol (20.02 µg g-) has the highest ratio in C. libani, quercetin (9.65 µg g-) and naringin (9.31 µg g-) were detected in P. nigra subsp. pallasiana along with rutin (39.66 µg g-). According to the antimicrobial activity results the essential oils of C. libani obtained in April has produced higher activity than that of July and September. On the contrary, the essential oils from P. nigra subsp. pallasina have produced the best antimicrobial activity on September compared to April and July. As a result, C. libani and P. nigra subsp. pallasiana essential oils have a composition showing antimicrobial activity and their harvesting season should be determined for the best and effective content.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of five different wavelengths of light on the comfrey plant (Symphytum officinale) (family Boraginaceae). The light source and wavelengths used in the study were UV-A (390-410 nm), blue (465-485 nm), red (620-630 nm) and cool white (CW) daylight (400-700 nm, 6500 K), LED (Light Emitting Diode). In the study, each of the 5 different light applications was applied for 45 days (T1: 100% blue; T2: 100% red; T3: 60% blue + 35% red + 5% UV-A; T4: 100% CW daylight; T5: 80% CW + 20% red). The experiments were carried out under conditions of 22C temperature, 60% humidity, 16/8 hours light/dark and 180 µmol.m-2.s-1 Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR). After each application, measurements were taken of number of leaves, number of roots, height of plant, amount of chlorophyll in leaves, leaf colour and brightness. According to data obtained, the different wavelengths of the coloured light applied in the growing environment created a change in colour and brightness of the leaves, height of the plant, length of the roots, and number of leaves and roots.

Honey is a popular product consumed for its health benefits. It is an effective antimicrobial an antioxidant agent. Globally, palynological and chemical methods are among the means of authenticating honey quality, geographical origin and floral origin. Six honey samples from six Nigerian towns (Abi, Ikom, Lokpanta, Nsukka, Okigwe and Shaki) were subjected to the aforementioned tests. Eighty-six pollen taxa were recorded in all the samples. The richest sample with seventy-three taxa was from Nsukka, followed successively by Okigwe, Lokpanta, Shaki, Ikom and Abi samples with sixty-eight, sixty-seven, sixty-two, fifty-nine and fifty-seven pollen species respectively. The oil palm Elaeis guineensis pollen dominated the samples in different proportions except Shaki honey dominated by Acacia spp., The commonest plant family was Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae, Papilionideae) with twenty-one taxa followed by Euphorbiaceae, Combretaceae, with four representatives and Rubiaceae with three taxa each. The physico-chemical analysis carried out were total moisture, total ash content, colour assessment, percentage of total solids, relative density, acidity, and Fischer’s Test. The samples were found to concur with the international standards for honey.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects on some serum parameters of wheat and corn gluten diet, which is also a high protein source. A total of 24 male rats aged 20 days and divided into 3 groups, each containing 8 rats were used in the study. The majority of the protein content in the diet of soybean meal as a Control group; in the diet of wheat gluten as a Wheat group; in the diet of corn gluten as a Corn group were composed. At the end of the study, blood samples taken from all animals were analysed. In the study, serum glucose, TP, urea, creatinine and BUN levels were found to be significantly decreased in Corn group compared to Wheat group. Serum ALT levels were similar with the Control and Wheat groups, but it was found to be significantly decreased in the Corn group. Serum AST levels were significantly lower in the Corn group. Serum GGT levels were significantly lower in both Corn and Wheat groups compared to Control group. Serum Ca and P levels were similar with all groups, whereas Mg levels were significantly decreased in Wheat and Corn groups compared to the Control group. As a result, it can be said that corn gluten added to the diet has more positive effects than wheat gluten in terms of both liver enzyme activities (AST, ALT and GGT) and renal parameters (Urea and BUN).

In aquaculture, size grading application is made in order to protect against the disadvantages caused by the length difference between fish. Via this activity, large and small individuals separate each other during the feeding period. In this study designed for this purpose, it was aimed to determine whether the large individuals added to the herd had an effect on the growth performance of small individuals in the culture of Oreochromis niloticus♀ x Oreochromis aureus♂ hybrids. In the experiment, 0 age 1-4 g hybrid juvenile which just complete the juvenile period were stocked as 40 fish / m³ in 500 l fibre tanks placed in a greenhouse and cultured for 75 days. The experimental groups were designed as a graded group (G1) containing 1 g small individual, 1 g + 2 g (G2), 1 g +3 g (G3) and 1 g + 4 g (G4). At the end of the study, it was observed that grading did not positively effect on the growth of tilapia hybrids. In contrast, it was revealed that small individuals (18,60 ± 0,33g) in the G2 group, which included large individuals, grew better than small individuals in the other groups. However, the G2 group reached a better FCR (1.39 ± 0.05) than the other groups. The best economic conversion rate was again achieved in the G2 group (11.12 ± 0.75). As a result, it was observed that the culture practice with individuals of different sizes had a positive effect on the development of hybrid tilapia juvenile, especially when juvenile were stocked as 1+2g stocking composition, as a result of well competition can be established and this situation had a positive effect on the production cost.

In this study, the responses of 20 different bean genotypes (13 pole and 7 dwarf) to salt (NaCl) stress at 0 mM, 25 mM and 50 mM were investigated. Salt application was performed together with irrigation water in the same time every day during 4 days. In the study, which was prepared according to randomized plot design with 3 replications, the plants were grown in the pots containing peat-perlite in a ratio of 2:1 under climatic conditions of 23±2°C. Root dry matter, root fresh and dry weight and some nutrient contents (Phosphorus-P, Copper-Cu, Zinc-Zn, Manganese-Mn, Iron-Fe and Magnesium-Mg) were investigated in order to determine salinity tolerance in bean genotypes. The data obtained from the study revealed that salt stress responds differently in both genotypes and applications. When the average of applications of 25 mM and 50 mM salt stress was examined, it was found that while root fresh and dry weight, root dry matter (%) and Fe content increased compared to control group, Mn and P content decreased. Among the genotypes exposed to salt stress, while four genotypes [two pole (numbered as 13 and 19) and two dwarf (numbered as 8 and 11)] were determined to be tolerant to salt, 3 genotypes [one pole (numbered as 14) and two dwarf (numbered as 18 and 20)] were evaluated as sensitive.

Protected areas are one the most important nature conservation landscapes and during the last few decades, the importance of natural areas have been considered as a priority for lifestyle preferences of people around the world. Karatepe Aslantaş National Park is one of the examples for these protected areas in Turkey, however; there have been limited studies focusing on the preservation and development of a socioeconomic plan for the aforementioned national park. Therefore, this study aims to develop planning and management priorities of Karatepe Aslantaş National Park and determine tourism potential towards future-oriented conservation. In this regard, a SWOT analysis was performed to develop sustainable planning and design proposals. To determine the historical transformation of a protected area and its surroundings, Land use/land cover-change (LUCC) detection was performed using Landsat 7 ETM and Landsat TIRS/OLI satellites images of the study area for the years 1990 and 2018. The results showed that in 1990, the mixed forest class dominated the study area (2376.6 ha), likewise, it was the most effective land cover class in 2018 (2178.14 ha). Agricultural land with natural vegetation class occupied the second largest area for both 1990 and 2018 with 1264.72 ha and 880.13 ha, respectively. A marked decrease was found for the transitional woodland/shrubs cover (565.8 ha in 1990 to 330.35 ha in 2018). Among the all land use classes, the highest percentage of change was found for broad-leaved forest cover at 200% between 1990 and 2018, while the lowest percentage of change occurred to water bodies with 8.82% in the same time frame. Regarding the findings, management proposals have been developed to conserve the protected area considering its tourism potential and archeological heritage values. Therefore, it is recommended that the lack of planning and management strategies needs to be fulfilled as a legal commitment by government agencies.

Tokat, which is located between the Black Sea Region and the Central Anatolia Region and has a transition climate, is one of the provinces with high agricultural potential. This potential also provides important advantages in terms of vegetable agriculture. In Tokat, where the vegetable cultivation dates back to many years, many types of vegetables can be grown. While the farmers engaged in vegetable cultivation until the beginning of the 2000s were satisfied with their situation, in the last 15 years, growers have started to turn to alternative products due to the decrease in quality, productivity and profitability. There are significant difficulties and decreases in competitiveness of vegetable farming in the field and greenhouse cultivation. In the study, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of vegetable cultivation of Tokat were analysed. Solutions for the improvement of vegetable cultivation have been discussed by making determinations.

During conventional fermentation of milk into yogurt and kefir, changes of antioxidant capacities (DPPH radical scavenging, ferrous chelating, reducing power, hydrogen peroxide/ H2O2 scavenging activity) and total phenolic content were investigated. Both products showed greater phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging, and reducing power activities than was the case of their unfermented milk forms. But they were unable to scavenge H2O2. Chelating ability of milk increased by yogurt fermentation but decreased by kefir fermentation. In general, antioxidative capacity of milk improved throughout conventional yogurt and kefir fermentations and ripening periods (except chelating ability for kefir and H2O2 scavenging). This study is valuable since it evaluates the antioxidant power of yogurt and kefir produced by traditional fermentation with 5 different antioxidative approaches. In face of rapidly rising consumer demand for safe, healthy, functional but natural foods, revealed results might strengthen importance of conventional fermentation process and highlight the antioxidative contributions of mentioned products

The aim of the study was to design product profiles based on the factors and their levels impacting on the consumption preferences of the apples with Amasya, Isparta, Bayramic apples with the region of origin and foreign origin, and to determine the market shares of each profiles. The main material of the study was the primary data obtained from a face-to-face survey conducted with 600 households consuming apple and residing in the TRA1 region (Erzurum, Erzincan, Bayburt). Conjoint Analysis was used to design the apple profiles maximizing the consumers’ total utilities, and to determine the market share of each profile. Also, Cluster Analysis was applied to segment each apple profile and their market shares according to their income levels. The results of the study highlighted that low-income consumers attributed a great importance to the apple price (41%) and size (32%), but high-income ones to the region of origin (62%) and colour (13%) factors. On the other hand, while the apple profile with 2 number maximized total utility for both low-income group and all consumers, the profile 17 provided the highest satisfaction for high-income segment. The market shares of Amasya apple referred to the region of origin at the profile 2 and 17 for the low and high-income segments were analysed as 40% and 22%, 3% and 35%, respectively. Amasya apple according to other the region of origin maximised not only the consumers’ consumption satisfaction but also the market share at the supply chain.