In this study, Common Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and Anatolian Sage (Salvia fruticosa Mill.) seeds, which are important medicinal plants, were used as plant material. The seeds of the Salvia genus have dormancy as they have seed husks containing a mucilaginous layer. For this reason, in order to improve the germination and emergence performance of seeds and to increase the quality of seeds, nine pre-sowing treatments (KNO3 application, GA3 application, polymer coating, polymer coating + KNO3, polymer coating + GA3, priming, priming + polymer coating, priming + polymer coating + KNO3, priming + polymer coating + GA3) were applied to the seeds and the effect of applications on germination rate, emergency rate, germination speed and emergency speed were investigated.

Allium scorodoprasum L. subsp. rotundum (L.) STEARN is a medical and aromatic plant which grows naturally in various countries of the world. The purpose of this study was to determine the natural antioxidant content and antioxidant activity of Allium scorodoprasum L. subsp. rotundum (L.) STEARN plant, an Allium subspecies of the Alliaceae family. Plants which grow naturally in 7 different locations of 3 cities (Samsun, Nevşehir and Tokat) of Turkey were used in the study. The purpose of this study was to determine the natural antioxidant content and antioxidant capacity of wild leek plant, an Allium subspecies of the Alliaceae family, which grows in three different cities (Samsun, Nevşehir and Tokat). The material of the study consists of 42 wild leek samples from 7 different locations of Samsun, Tokat and Nevşehir. Some physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant features of both bulbs and leaves of samples were determined separately; allicin, an organosulfur compound, was specified qualitatively and thermal behaviours of the samples were monitored through TGA/DSC analysis. As a result of the analyses conducted, in the bulb and leaf parts of the samples, total phenolic matter values were 254.51-927.81 and 1929.05-19645.24 mg/kg, FRAP was 0.80-5.20 and 14.31-47.83 mM TE/g, DPPH free radical scavenger effect was 0.99-9.02 and 36.61-241.06 µmol TE/g and ascorbic acid content was 29.14-314.01 mg/kg and 200.64-1383.16 mg/kg, respectively. These data reveal that the leaf’s of A. scorodoprasum subsp. rotundum plants are rich in antioxidants. In conclusion, it was found that the antioxidant activity of the plants differs significantly in terms of the parts of the plant and growth location.

Increased consumer interest in poultry meat produced in different production systems necessitates more detailed examination and comparison of chicken meat characteristics. Factors such as habit, reliability, product characteristics, animal welfare and sensitivity to environmental problems affect consumers’ preference to these products. Researches report that production systems and genotypes can be effective on protein, fat, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, tenderness, juiciness, color and flavor. It was investigated that the effects of production systems and genotype on some chemical, physical and sensory characteristics of chicken meat in this review.

South-eastern Anatolia has the largest agricultural areas and the countryside living in this region are engaged in agriculture. Loans extended to agriculture by banks are considered to contribute to regional development as a support to the sector. In this paper, the relationship between the GDP of the South-eastern region and the loans extended by the banks to the agricultural sector in this region were investigated in the period of 1988-2017. Lee-Strazicich structural break test and Dolado-Lütkepohl and Bootstrapt causality test was applied to determine the causal relationship between the variables in the analysis. Unlike the others this paper contributes to the literature as it examines the effect of agricultural loans on the development of the region and different tests are used. As a result of the study, the breaking years of the series were determined and interpreted economically. In addition, bi-directional causality relationship between regional growth and agricultural loans was determined. It can be said that agricultural loans contributed to regional development in the South-eastern Anatolia region. It can be presented as a policy proposal that increasing the loans extended to the sector in the region. The effectiveness of agricultural loans can be increased by controlling the use of loans by supervision of on-site use of.

European Union (EU) uses The Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance (IPA) to prepare candidate and potential candidate countries for EU membership. One of the five components of IPA is rural development (IPARD). IPARD funds provide financing to develop production standards of agricultural establishments for competing with other establishments in EU member states. For this purpose, in Turkey IPARD I programme was applied between 2007 and 2013 and IPARD II programme was prepared to apply from 2014 to 2020. The purpose of this study is comparing structural differences of IPARD I and IPARD II programme which are important tools to increase competitiveness of agricultural establishments in Turkey. The main material of the study was IPARD I and IPARD II programs. In the study, firstly, the support given within the scope of IPARD programs were presented as tables and graphs. Structural differences between the two programmes were examined under three headings; targets of programmes, budgets of programmes and eligibility criteria. In the result of this study, changes and the actual statue of this important financial tool was revealed. Most important changes were public aid rates and new supporting sectors. Regarding to the public aid rates, while the highest rate was 65% in IPARD I, it is 70% in IPARD II. Also an additional 10% can be given for investments in effluent storage and waste management for benefit of the environment in IPARD II. In IPARD II; egg production, mushroom cultivation, machinery parks and renewable energy plants sectors are added to supporting sectors.

Doğadan toplanan erkek ve dişi kurbağaların (Pelophylax ridibundus), boy uzunluğu (SVL) ve arka bacak uzunluğu ile karkas, arka bacak, deri, baş ve karaciğer ağırlığı alınarak karkas miktarı belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Dişi kurbağaların ortalama SVL değeri 91,6±0,53 mm, erkeklerin 81,1±0,69 mm olarak ölçülerek, aradaki farkın istatiksel açıdan önemli olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Gıda olarak tüketilen arka bacakların ortalama uzunluk değerleri, dişi kurbağalarda 72,0±0,65 mm, erkek kurbağalarda 68,0±0,53 mm tespit edilmiş ve aradaki farkın istatiksel açıdan önemli olduğu görülmemiştir. Arka bacakların ortalama ağırlıkları dişi kurbağalarda 21,45±5,06 g, erkek kurbağalarda 15,53±2.94 g olduğu ve her iki cinsiyette de bu miktarların toplam vücut ağırlığının yaklaşık %25’ine denk geldiği belirlenmiştir. Çalışma esnasında dişi kurbağaların sırasıyla vücut, karkas ve gıda olarak tüketilen arka bacaklarının ortalama ağırlıkları, erkek kurbağalara göre daha yüksek miktarda tespit edilmiş olup; dişi kurbağalar ile erkek kurbağalar arasındaki bu ağırlık farkları aynı zamanda istatistiksel açıdan önemli bulunmuştur. Karkas ağırlıkları, hem dişi hem de erkek bireylerde toplam ağırlığın yaklaşık olarak %50’sini oluşturmaktadır. Kesim işlemi sonucunda karkas dışında kalan; deri, baş ve karaciğerin ortalama ağırlıkları dişi kurbağalarda erkek kurbağalara oranla daha fazla miktarda bulunmuştur. Dişi ve erkek bireyler arasında baş ağırlığı hariç karkas dışında kalan diğer kısımlar arasındaki farkların önemli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kurbağa derisi önemli bir sanayi ürünü olup, miktarı dişi kurbağalarda ortalama 8,07±2,04 g, erkek kurbağalarda ortalama 5,66±1,21 g bulunmuştur. Bu değerlerin oranı, toplam vücut ağırlığının %10’una denk geldiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, dişi kurbağaların erkek kurbağalardan karkas kazancı bakımından daha iyi olduğu ve karkas miktarı dışında kalan, baş, karaciğer ve derinin miktarı tespit edilerek değerlendirilmesi araştırılmıştır.

Consumption of fermented products rich in antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetes, anti-obesity and anti-carcinogenic compounds is growing into a key strategy to fortify antioxidant defense system. Cabbage products produced by lactic-acid fermentation are chosen via their special microbiota. Considering these special medical properties of fermented-cabbage products as pickled cabbage, sauerkraut and kimchi were produced and evaluated. The data demonstrated that pickled cabbage (109.89±4.74 mg ascorbic acid/100 g d.w.) and its brine (208.14±17.29 mg ascorbic acid/100 g d.w.) exhibited the highest vitamin C content, followed by kimchi (77.42±2.87 mg ascorbic acid/100 g d.w.). The highest total phenolic content was detected in kimchi and sauerkraut with 869.64±70.16 and 438.257±25.05 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g fresh weight (f.w.), respectively. 50% of the scavenging effect (EC50) values of free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) in kimchi 14.6 mg/ml, followed by sauerkraut (15.52 mg/ml) and pickled cabbage (18.88 mg/ml). Results demonstrated that fermented cabbage products have a great potential with content of bioactive compounds, high antioxidant features promising high beneficial impacts.

Türkiye’nin toplam tarım arazisi varlığında yıllar itibariyle azalış meydana gelmesine rağmen ekonomik olarak sulanabilir nitelikte arazilerin üretime kazandırılması sayesinde mısır üretim faaliyetleri Türkiye’de yaygınlaşmıştır. Sulama imkânının olduğu alanlarda mısır; işçilik maliyetlerinin az olması, birim alanda yüksek verim avantajı sağlaması ve ürün pazarının kolaylıkla erişilebilir olması nedeniyle üretim açısından popüler bir üründür. Sulama alanlarının artışına paralel olarak üretimi yaygınlaşan mısır; ekonomik değeri yüksek fakat su tüketim miktarı da yüksek bir üründür. Bu yönüyle çalışmada işletmecilerin tarımsal faaliyetlerin sürdürülebilirliğine, mısırın ekiminden hasadına kadar geçen süreçte karşılaştıkları problemlerin çözümüne, üretim ile ilgili beklentilerine yönelik analizlerin yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada mısır üreten tarım işletmecilerinin girdi maliyetleri, depolama olanakları ve su kaynaklarının tüketimine yönelik gelecek endişesi taşıdıkları belirlenmiştir.

Strawberry is one of the most preferred fruits all over the world due to its characteristic properties. Due to the morphological structure of fresh strawberries after harvesting, quality losses are observed during cold storage. Therefore, industrial washing of fresh strawberries is especially important for reducing microbial load and increasing shelf life. Demand for the new methods as an alternative to the chemicals used in industrial washing of fruits and vegetables is increasing due to consumer-related health concerns. Ultrasonic washing is a preferred innovative method in terms of reducing the microbial load and maintaining quality properties compared to chemical washing processes. In this study, fresh strawberries were washed with ultrasound (550 W/35 kHz) and peroxyacetic acid (40 ppm) after harvesting. The pH, total acidity, water soluble dry matter (brix), vitamin C, total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, total viable, mold and yeast count analyses were performed in every two days during 14 days of cold storage of washed strawberries. Ultrasonic washing was found to be more effective in reducing microbial load and preserving bioactive properties of strawberries compared to other method due to its cavitation effect.

Otomasyon, insan müdahalesine ihtiyaç duyulmadan çeşitli cihaz, sistem ve programların işletilmesini sağlayan mekanik, elektronik ve bilgisayar tabanlı bir teknolojidir. Sulama otomasyonu sistemi; çevre, su kaynakları ve üretim maliyeti dikkate alınarak daha az insan gücü, daha kontrollü ve daha kaliteli tarımsal üretim ile planlanmalıdır. Sulama programını sera, tarla ve bahçe bitkileri yetiştiriciliğinde uygulama becerisine sahip olmalıdır. Sulama otomasyonu sistemi bazı işlem basamakları takip edilerek oluşturulmaktadır. Bunlar; sulama programının hazırlanması, sistem bileşenlerinin seçilmesi, projenin hazırlanması, yazılımın hazırlanarak test edilmesi ve sistemin kurulmasıdır. Bu aşamalardan geçirilen sulama otomasyon sistemi, sulama suyunun etkin kullanımını sağlar, işçiliği azaltır, sulama programını izler ve üretim maliyetlerini azaltır. Bu çalışmada, bitki su tüketimine ve bitki kök bölgesindeki nem düzeyine duyarlı sulama otomasyonu sistemlerinin tasarımına yardımcı olabilecek iş akış şemaları oluşturulmuştur.