Development of an efficient plant regeneration protocol is essential for vegetable crop advancement by biotechnological methods. In this study, regeneration protocols of four pepper lines of different pepper types were optimized. Different protocols for organogenesis were investigated in regeneration experiments. Optimum plant regeneration was obtained in different combinations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in organogenesis assays. In organogenesis experiment, the highest shoot development was determined as 80% from hypocotyl explant of Demre pepper in 4 mg L-1 BA+0.5 mg L-1 IAA, 80% from hypocotyl explant of Charleston pepper in 3 mg L-1 BA+0.5 mg L-1 IAA, 80% from hypocotyl explant of capia pepper in 5 mg L-1 BA+0.5 mg L-1 and 84% from hypocotyl explant of bell pepper in 5 mg L-1 BA+0.5 mg L-1 IAA. Afterward, shoots were rooted and whole plants were obtained.

During conventional fermentation of milk into yogurt and kefir, changes of antioxidant capacities (DPPH radical scavenging, ferrous chelating, reducing power, hydrogen peroxide/ H2O2 scavenging activity) and total phenolic content were investigated. Both products showed greater phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging, and reducing power activities than was the case of their unfermented milk forms. But they were unable to scavenge H2O2. Chelating ability of milk increased by yogurt fermentation but decreased by kefir fermentation. In general, antioxidative capacity of milk improved throughout conventional yogurt and kefir fermentations and ripening periods (except chelating ability for kefir and H2O2 scavenging). This study is valuable since it evaluates the antioxidant power of yogurt and kefir produced by traditional fermentation with 5 different antioxidative approaches. In face of rapidly rising consumer demand for safe, healthy, functional but natural foods, revealed results might strengthen importance of conventional fermentation process and highlight the antioxidative contributions of mentioned products

The widespread use of antibiotics often causes increase in the bacterial drugs resistance and causes many side effects in humans. Medical plants have antimicrobial effects against most pathogenic bacteria and can serve as harmless replacement to antibiotics. The aim of this study was to assess the antibacterial effect of five medicinal plant prevailed in Kurdistan region namely; Cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia (L.) D.Don), Nigella (Nigella sativa L.), Allium (Allium hirtifolium Boiss.), Carrot (Daucus carota L.), and Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) against pathogenic Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), and pathogenic Gram negative bacteria (Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli). The evaluation of antibacterial activity for these plant extracts was carried out using agar-well diffusion method. Results showed that minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of A. hirtifolium against tested bacterial isolates were (25 mg/mL), the lowest MIC values for S. aureus were (25 mg/mL) observed with C. cassia, N. sativa and F. vulgare ethanolic extracts and the lowest MIC of D. carota against bacterial isolates were (50 mg/mL), Also, it was observed that S. aureus was more sensitive than S. typhi and E. coli to plant extracts. The ethanol plant extracts had potential antibacterial activities. However, further studies are required to identify the active compounds which could be used for the preparation of new antimicrobial agents and control the bacterial infectious diseases.

Fire blight disease caused by Erwinia amylovora can infect almost 140 plants of the Rosaceae family and poses a great threat to pome fruits growing all over the world. It needs amylovoran and Type III secretion systems (T3SS) to cause disease in host plants. AmsB, AmsD, AmsE, AmsF, AmsG, AmsJ, AmsI and AmsK proteins are involved in the binding of different galactose, glucuronic acid and pyruvyl subunits to the lipid carrier to form an amylovoran unit. T3SS proteins secreted by E. amylovora are HrpA HrpN, HrpW, AvrRpt2EA, HopC1 and DspA/E. DspA/E, the sole effector of E. amylovora, is secreted by during the formation of pilus T3SS. The chaperone protein of E. amylovora is DsB/F, which is in the IA class. EopB (outer membrane protein) has been characterized as one of the secretory proteins of E. amylovora. In addition to the harpins, the pathogenicity protein DspE and OrfB proteins are secreted via the Hrp-secretory system of E. amylovora. E. amylovora forms a Hrp pilus, which is produced by the structural protein HrpA. Genes encoding antimicrobial proteins cloned and expressed in apples and pears for impart resistance to the pathogen, attacin E are cecropins and lysozymes. The expression of PR2, PR5 and PR8 proteins is increased with E. amylovora infection in apple. Again, the HIPM protein in apples interacts with the E. amylovora HrpN protein, and the HIPM protein is found in higher amounts in flowers than leaves and shoots. In addition, four apple proteins (DIPMs) that interact with E. amylovora effector protein DspA/E have an effective role in endurance. In order to understand the interaction between the plant and the pathogen, it will be possible to understand the proteins that recognize the pathogen in the host, as well as the signal system and plant defense mechanism resulting from the infection. In this study, the roles of proteins associated with pathogenesis as a result of infection of E. amylovora in apples were tried to be revealed.

The studies on phage applications that provide successful results in biocontrol of foodborne pathogens and offer an environmentally friendly approach have been increasing today. Phages are viruses that can infect and kill the specific target bacterial cell. Salmonella is one of the most important pathogenic microorganisms that leading causes of food-borne illnesses called salmonellosis. Meat products especially chicken meat, fresh eggs, dairy products, ready-to-eat foods, seafood products and all kinds of contaminated food can be cause of salmonellosis. In this review, the phage application studies to control of Salmonella in food systems were summarized taking into account the research studied in recent years.

The aim of the study was to design product profiles based on the factors and their levels impacting on the consumption preferences of the apples with Amasya, Isparta, Bayramic apples with the region of origin and foreign origin, and to determine the market shares of each profiles. The main material of the study was the primary data obtained from a face-to-face survey conducted with 600 households consuming apple and residing in the TRA1 region (Erzurum, Erzincan, Bayburt). Conjoint Analysis was used to design the apple profiles maximizing the consumers’ total utilities, and to determine the market share of each profile. Also, Cluster Analysis was applied to segment each apple profile and their market shares according to their income levels. The results of the study highlighted that low-income consumers attributed a great importance to the apple price (41%) and size (32%), but high-income ones to the region of origin (62%) and colour (13%) factors. On the other hand, while the apple profile with 2 number maximized total utility for both low-income group and all consumers, the profile 17 provided the highest satisfaction for high-income segment. The market shares of Amasya apple referred to the region of origin at the profile 2 and 17 for the low and high-income segments were analysed as 40% and 22%, 3% and 35%, respectively. Amasya apple according to other the region of origin maximised not only the consumers’ consumption satisfaction but also the market share at the supply chain.

Günümüz dünyasında küresel ısınmanın etkileri görülmeye başlamıştır. Küresel ısınma dünyayı olduğu gibi Türkiye’yi de etkilemektedir. Türkiye’de bölgesel olarak çok çeşitli olarak görülen iklimsel elemanlar illere göre de farklılıklar içermektedir. Bu çalışmada bu tür iklimsel değişiklerin illere göre değerlendirilmesini teminen Ankara, Rize, Aydın, Hakkâri illeri için yağışlarla ilgili olarak 10, 15 ve 20 ve 48 yıllık geleceğe yönelik projeksiyonlar yapılmıştır. İller değişik bölgelerden seçilerek bölgesel farklılıkların da durum değerlendirilmesine konu olması hedeflenmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre ise 1971 ile 2018 yılları arası Ankara ilinde yıllık ortalama yağış 408,59 mm olurken, Rize’de 2262,76 mm, Aydın 634,33 mm ve Hakkâri ili yıllık yağış ortalaması ise 746,93 mm olarak gerçekleşmiştir. 2019-2066 yılları arası için yapılan projeksiyonlarda gerçekleşen verilerle karşılaştırıldığında küresel ısınmaya paralel olarak ortalama yıllık yağışlarda hemen hemen her ilde değişikliklerin olduğu görülmektedir. Ancak bu değişiklikler yağış miktarlarında aşırı değişiklikler anlamına gelmemektedir. Bu manada küresel ısınmanın etkisi yağış miktarlarındaki aşırı artışlar olarak değil, yağışların düzensiz ve baskın şeklinde olması şeklinde görülmektedir. Küresel ısınmanın yol açtığı bu düzensiz ve baskın yağışlar neticesinde tarımsal faaliyetler zarar göreceğinden dolayı gıda güvenliğinin sağlanmasının gerekliliği açısından tedbir alınması konusuna ışık tutması yönüyle bu çalışma önem arz etmektedir.

Edible grapevine leaves can be consumed as fresh or pickled. After leaves are usually collected from vineyards, they are sold as fresh or brined. In Turkey, the leaves of Sultani Çekirdeksiz and Narince varieties are extremely evaluated for edible purposes. In this study, it was aimed to determine leaf yield and characteristics of vine saplings in nursery parcel. The leaves of Narince (Narince own-roted grafted on 1103 P) and Sultani Çekirdeksiz (grafted on 1103 P) seedlings were the material of the experiment. Cuttings were planted in a single row (16.666 cuttings/da) with 1 m × 6 cm spacing to the nursery parcel. Edible leaves were collected from saplings in two harvest periods. Leaf yield, leaf width, leaf length, leaf area and leaf weight in fresh vine leaves were determined. Depending on the sapling type (own-rooted or grafted), 102.5-186.0 kg/da edible leaves were collected from two harvests. In general, saplings leaves were found to be smaller in size and delicate than matura vine. It is recommended that the leaves of saplings should be evaluated by vine sapling companies having permanent workers.

This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity and chemical composition of essential oils obtained from thyme and rosemary. In our study, the yield for thyme essential oil was determined as 1.34% and the yield for rosemary essential oil was determined as 0.40%. It has been determined that there are components such as carvacrol, gamma-terpinen, thymol, terpineol, alpha-pinene, borneol, linalol in thyme essential oil. The most important components of rosemary essential oil are components such as eucalyptol, camphor, carvacrol, endo-borneol, delta-3-karen, terpineol, bornyl-acetate, o-simene. In addition, the total phenol content, antioxidant activity (DPPH) and p-anisidine values of essential oils were determined. Total phenol contents and DPPH IC50 values were found to be 18.72±0.37 mg GAE/g DW and 4.74 µg extract/mL for thyme, whereas 12.11±0.29 mg GAE/g DW and 2.75 µg extract/mL for rosemary. Our study also showed good antioxidant activity of thyme and rosemary essential oils. As a result, these properties show that thyme and rosemary essential oils have a very strong potential applicability as antioxidant agents for the food and pharmaceutical industries.

This study was carried out in the greenhouses of Bursa Uludag University Yenişehir Ibrahim Orhan Vocational School in 2014-2015 to determine the effects of five different irrigation levels (T1: 100% (full irrigation), T2: 75%, T3: 50%, T4: 25%, T5: 0% (non-irrigated)) and two different fertilization levels (F1.0: 100% (100:100:100 NPK) fertigation and F0.5: 50% (50:50:50 NPK) fertigation on yield and quality parameters of okra grown under unheated greenhouse conditions. In 2014 and 2015, the amount of irrigation water in the study was applied as 0.0-380.0 mm and 0.0-360.0 mm for the 100% (100:100:100 NPK) fertilization and 50% (50:50:50 NPK) fertilization treatments, respectively. Evapotranspiration values were realized as 200.0-410.0 mm and 130.0-400.0 mm for 100% (100:100:100 NPK) and 50% (50:50:50 NPK) fertilization treatments in 2014, 185.0-425.0 mm and 200.0-450.0 mm in 2015, respectively. It was observed that irrigation water levels significantly affected the yield, fruit diameter, fruit length, 10 fruit weight, and number of fruits per plant and dry matter of okra. The highest yield averages for both years were obtained from T1F1.0 and T1F0.5 treatments were found to be 14.6-17.8 tons’ ha-1 and 16.8 -15.7 tons’ ha-1 in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Crop response factors (ky) of okra were found as 1.38-1.26 and 1.26-1.41 for 100% (100:100:100 NPK) fertilization and 50% (50:50:50 NPK) fertilization treatments in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The highest water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) values were calculated as 0.036-0.038 kg m-3 and 0.045-0.049 kg m-3 from T1F1.0 and T1F0.5 treatments in 2014 and 0.040-0.047 kg m-3 and 0.035-0.046 kg m-3 from same treatments (T1F1.0 and T1F0.5) in 2015, respectively. The highest T1F1.0 and T1F0.5 values were the closest values were obtained from T2F1.0 and T2F0.5 treatments therefore T2F1.0 and T2F0.5 treatments can be recommended for okra.