In this study, determination of the morphometric parameters and egg fecundity freshwater crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823), measurement and comparing of were aimed in Tatlı and Gıcı Lakes from Bafra Fish Lakes in Samsun, Turkey. The research was carried out between November 2018 and October 2019 by monthly catching of freshwater crayfish using fyke net at determined stations. While 105 of 242 freshwater crayfish from Tatlı Lake were female and 137 were male, 87 of 216 freshwater crayfish from Gıcı Lake were female and 129 were male and the difference between the sexes was not significant. The average total length and average weight of freshwater crayfish from Tatlı Lake were 10.27±0.09 cm and 33.76±0.88 g, respectively. In Gıcı Lake, the average total length and average weight of freshwater crayfish were 10.44±0.41 cm and 37.15±1.91 g, respectively. A strong positive linear relationship was found between length and weight of freshwater crayfish in Tatlı Lake and Gıcı Lake. However, the claw length and claw width of the male freshwater crayfish were greater. The average number of individual eggs, the average total egg weight, the average unit egg weight and the average egg diameter of the sampled egged crayfish in Tatlı Lake were 241.24±11.94, 3.22±0.17 g, 0.013±0.001 g and 2.61±0.02 mm, respectively. These were 245.38±15.87, 3.03±0.19 g, 0.013±0.001 g and 2.73±0.02 mm for sampled egged lobsters in Gıcı Lake, respectively. At the end of the study, it was determined that the environmental and morphometric parameters, egg fecundity of freshwater crayfish in Tatlı and Gıcı Lakes were similar between the lakes.

In this study, a total of 364 samples were collected and 349 of them belonged to, 349 specimens of Dasyatis pastinaca, 6 of Gymnura altavela, 5 of Torpedo marmorato, 2 of Aetomylaeus bovinus and Mustelus mustelus, were obtained by-catch in trammel nets off the Izmir Bay (Aegean sea coast of Turkey) during period of spring in 2018. Males of D. pastinaca ranged from 28–62 cm and females from 31.5-94 cm total length. The analysis of the angular coefficient (b) demonstrated that growth (in weight) in relation to length was isometric in males and females of D. pastinaca. Morphologic measurements of a total of 60 individuals to represent all individuals of the population, t test in independent groups to determine differences in males and females and all other morphometric measurements were statistically tested by multiple regression analysis (stepwise method). Therefore, difference between mean values obtained according to sexes was not found different. However, A linear correlation between weight- pelvic length for females and weight- preanal length for males according to multiple regression analysis in male and female individuals. Isometric and positive allometric growths were calculated for species of Torpedo marmorata and Gymnura altavela, respectively.

Water is a precious and limited resource that nourishes countless living things. As population pressures increase day by day, most communities on Earth are facing a shortage of water resources. For this reason, the authorities started to look for alternative water resources. As a matter of fact, the harvesting of rainwater has once again gained importance and has been the subject of research by researchers and engineers. In this study, investigating the rainwater harvesting potential in public buildings in the Bayraklı district of İzmir shows that approximately 41 thousand tons of rainwater can be harvested, which corresponds to 0.17% of the population demand. On the other hand, this rate decreased to 0.15% in the 2031 projection. We believe that rainwater harvesting in public buildings in urbanized areas is not sufficient, and that authorities should encourage or finance communities that install rainwater harvesting systems to avoid further water stress.

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a pathogen causing hemorrhagic enteritis in puppies and mainly transmitting via feco-oral route. In this study, stool samples were collected from a total of 35 animals suspected of CPV. The samples were examined by Conventional PCR, Nested PCR and Differential PCR tests. 20 out of 35 dogs (57.1%) were detected positive by conventional PCR, 31 (88.6%) by nested PCR and 30 (85.7%) by differential PCR. CPV 2a was stated as the most common antigenic type, male animals and 0–3-month-olds had a high rate of becoming sick and vaccinated animals might also catch the disease, rarely. Accordingly, it is recommended to focus on studies providing molecular epidemiology surveillance in order to detect the existing subtypes and develop reliable diagnosis and vaccination methods.

Budding of Pistacia vera L. seedling at the earlier stage of growth with a certain sex type scion is very important because P. vera vegetative growth stage is long and requires more time to produce fruit to determine the sex type of the trees. Therefore, the current experiment was carried out to determine the best time for budding current seedlings of P. vera during late summer. The budding times were 20 Aug., 1 Sept., 10 Sept., and 20 Sept in 2020, and the seedlings were between 5-6 months along budding times. The results revealed that the highest budding success (50%) was achieved from the seedlings budded on 20 September followed by those seedlings budded on 10 September (38.88%). While, budding success percentage was the lowest in the seedlings budded on 20 August and 1 September with the same ratio (27.77%). The longest shoot and the thicker shoot diameter (19.30 cm and 4 mm, respectively) were achieved in the seedlings which budded on 10 September. In contrast, shoot length was the shortest (3.93 cm) in seedlings that were budded on 20 August, and shoot diameter was almost similar (2.39, 2.23 and 2.72 mm) in all seedlings budded on 20 August, 1 September and 10 September, respectively. This study showed that 20 September was the best time for conducting budding of P. vera seedlings which were produced in nursery black bags in the current season.

Forecasting of vegetable area, production, and productivity of Nepal was made from the historical data of 1977/78 to 2019/20 by using the Box-Jenkins Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models. The best fitted ARIMA models were chosen based on the minimum value of the selection criterion, Akaike information criteria (AIC) and Bayesian information criteria (BIC). ARIMA (0, 2, 1) model was found suitable for all areas and production, whereas ARIMA (0, 2, 0) model was best fitted for forecasting vegetable productivity. The model was cross-validated by comparing the point prediction with the actual test series data from 2015/16 to 2019/20. The performances of models were determined from the mean absolute percent error (MAPE) value. The MAPE was found to be 2.70%, 2.40%, and 3.80%, respectively for the prediction of area, production, and productivity. The forecast was made for the immediate five years (2020/21 to 2024/25), and it showed an increasing value for area and production while the forecasts of productivity had lower values. The vegetable production policy in Nepal should be planned following accurate forecasts to increase production in the upcoming years. Awareness among the vegetable growers should be raised in the following years with appropriate extension programs.

Drying is the process of removing of the water that has destroying effect in food products by evaporation and. Research project on the basis of direct sun drying and solar greenhouse. Basic operations research in food engineering, food chemistry, food quality control and toxicology has been established over such a broad spectrum. Subjects of investigation were in accordance with all of the values of dry matter basis. The study of dry matter and water activity values of each product (aw), direct sun drying, drying in the greenhouse. It was determined comparing nutrients of samples those were applied directly to the greenhouse and drying in the sun. Sampling patterns of research were explained as follow; tomatoes drying in the sun (external environment), and greenhouse, bell peppers in the greenhouse and drying in the sun, soaked raisins (sultanas) and not-soaked (raisin), sun-dried, sun-dried fig products directly. Nutrients of the samples such as; lycopene, thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), retinol (A), Pyridoxine (B6), ascorbic acid (C), folic acid, magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu) were quantitatively determined. The red pepper products, dried figs and dried grapes mycotoxin amounts were in safe levels, which had not created any hazard and risk for health. Red pepper and dried figs, total aflatoxins, (B1, B2, G1, G2), ochratoxin A (OTA) levels in raisin in the European Union is set well below the limits in terms of human health hazard and the risk factor has been identified.

Postharvest storage conditions frequently affect nutritional quality of fruits and vegetables. Temperature and storage duration are the most important factors to extend shelf life and maintain quality of fresh watermelon. This study was conducted to determine the changes in the antioxidant properties of watermelon during storage. Fruits of the watermelon cultivars were harvested and stored at 5ºC for a period of 15 days. During storage antioxidant contents (lycopene and total phenolics) and total antioxidant activity were evaluated. The objective of this work was to determine the content of the antioxidant properties in different watermelon genotypes at four different postharvest storage periods (0, 5, 10 and 15 days). Furthermore, the nutritional quality is strongly influenced by the storage period. The cv Mahdia was the most suitable for extended storage periods.

Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) is a worldwide popular horticultural crop. Interest in assessing bioactive compounds with potential health benefits in artichoke is increasing. Therefore, in this study, the variability in total phenolic and flavonoid contents of six artichoke cultivars, including five purple namely Brindisie, Opal, Conserto, Romanesco and Rouge de France as well as an ordinary white artichoke variety were investigated. The results showed significant differences in total phenolic and flavonoid contents between artichoke cultivars. Total phenolic content ranged from 17.31 mg GAE/ g DW in the white artichoke variety to 21.31 mg GAE/g DW in Romanesco. Flavonoid content ranged from 4.51 mg RE/g DW in white artichoke to 7.06 mg RE/g DW in Rouge de France. Therefore, the highest total phenolic content was shown by Romanesco. However, the highest flavonoid content was recorded for both Opal and Rouge de France. This study demonstrates the importance of genotypic variability in shaping the levels of total phenolic and flavonoid, emphasizing the need to evaluate artichoke biodiversity in order to improve its nutritional value and to contribute towards increasing the intake of antioxidants.

In this study, the antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of the ethanol extract of the aerial parts of Lepidium spinosum Ard., which is distributed in many regions of the world, were determined. The aerial parts of the plant were dried, powdered and extracted with ethanol. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) of the plant extract were determined using Rel Assay Diagnostics kits. Antimicrobial activities of the plant extract were determined against standard bacterial and fungal strains by agar dilution method. As a result of the studies, the TAS value of the plant extract was determined as 4.550±0.132, the TOS value as 12.610±0.221, and the OSI value as 0.277±0.007. In addition, it has been found to be effective at 25-200 µg/mL against standard bacterial strains and 100-200 µg/mL concentrations against fungal strains. As a result, it was determined that L. spinosum used in our study could be a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial source. In this context, it is thought that natural material may be used in pharmacological designs.