The development of food sensitivities began to increase along with societal growth. Consumer awareness is gradually increasing with the expansion of accurate and balanced information. In an increasingly consuming world, the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of individuals during the purchasing of food products are important. Findings from research of this kind positively impact the strategies of companies offering the products on the market. The purpose of this study is to examine the level of knowledge and attitudes of individuals living in the Hatay province and what they consider when buying food items. The data were obtained by face to face interviews of 334 consumers in 2008, and were analysed using a 5-point Likert scale. The average monthly spending of consumers in the survey research is 747.48 USD with food expenses in first place at 32.92% among the total amount of spending. Food product manufacturing, expiration date, storage and conditions were all taken into account for purchasing confidence. Supermarkets were found to be the most trusted shopping places; and of the consumers surveyed, 70.55% are affected positively or negatively by food-related news articles.

Combining ability analysis has a key position in rapeseed breeding. To estimate the combining ability effects for yield controlling traits in rapeseed, three testers and five lines were crossed using line × tester design in randomized complete block design with three replications. Mean sum of squares of analysis of variances for genotypes were significant for all of the traits; indicating the presence of significant genetic variation. All the interactions between lines and testers exhibited significant results of mean sum of squares for combining ability. Line ‘Duncled’ was found good general combiner for decreased Plant height (PH:-2.0), Days taken to 50% flowering (DF: -15.8) and Days taken to maturity (DM:-3.4) while tester ‘Punjab Sarson” for increased Number of seed/siliqua (SS: 2.2), Number of siliquae/plant (SP: 2.2) and decreased DF (-3.0) traits. Significant general and specific combining ability effects were observed. The best hybrid combination on the basis of specific combining ability effects was “Durre-NIFA × ZN-M-6” for Seed yield/plant (SY: 2.7), DF (-6.1) and DM (-3.5). PH (-0.2), Siliqua length (SL: -0.1), SS (-0.03) and SY (0.2) showed non-additive genetic effects. The half of the characters revealed additive and remaining half showed non-additive genetic effects. The present study unveiled the importance of both type of genetic effects demanding the application of integrated breeding approaches for exploiting the variability. ‘Punjab Sarson × ZN-M-6’ exposed maximum SS (30) and SP (837). Maximum SY (75.9g) and minimum DF (64) were showed by ‘Legend × Duncled’. The present research delivers valuable information of genotypes for promoting yield by means of improving yield related characters.

The poultry industry in the developing countries is facing some challenges, one of which is an increase in the cost of feed because of high prices of protein and energy sources. Moringa oleifera is a rich source of protein and crude fiber content. The crude protein (CP) content of Moringa ranges from 7.12 to 39.17%. Negligible content of tannins and other anti-nutritive compounds and offers an alternative source of protein to ruminants and non-ruminants. Although rich in nutrients such as protein and minerals, Moringa oleifera is one of those plants that have not been studied for many years. In addition, they are also faced with the problem of the development of antibiotic resistant pathogens due to unwise and excessive use of antibiotics. In this paper, feeding studies made on the Moringa oleifera used in nutrition of poultry and ruminant species have been reviewed.

Salmonella species are important foodborne pathogens that have been implicated in a number of foodborne outbreaks. A total of 240 beef and its related samples obtained from the Techiman Municipality of Ghana were screened using the conventional method in the Food and Drug Administration-Bacteriological Analytical Manual (FDA-BAM)-USA. The overall prevalence of Salmonella species was 57.08%. The prevalence of Salmonella species ranged from 33.30% to 75.00% in the meat and its related samples (table, knife and apron), and 6.30% to 93.80% at the various meat sale points (locations where meat is sold). Prevalence of Salmonella species was significantly higher in meat (75.00%), table (60.00%) and knife (60.00%), than apron (33.33%). The most contaminated meat sale point was Kenten and Main markets (93.75%) and the least contaminated sale point was Sansema junction (6.25%). All the Salmonella species were susceptible to ciprofloxacin but resistant to vancomycin. Intermediate resistances occur for all the antibiotics except ciprofloxacin and vancomycin. The Salmonella species also exhibited 23 antibiotic resistant patterns with the pattern EVa (erythromycin and vancomycin) being the commonest (exhibited by nine different isolates). Multiple antibiotic index (MAR index) ranged from 0.11 to 0.67. This study revealed that beef and its related samples in Techiman markets are contaminated with Salmonella.

The present study was conducted to determine some environmental factors affecting birth weight, weaning weight and daily live weight gain of Holstein calves of a livestock facility in Izmir, Turkey. The data on 2091 calves born between the years 2005-2010 were used to assess the relevant parameters. Effects of calving year, calving month, calf gender and the interaction between calving year and calving month on calves’ birth weights were highly significant. The overall mean of birth weights was 39.6±0.15 kg. In addition, effects of calving year, calving month, gender, birth weight, weaning age, calving year x calving month, calving year x gender and calving year x calving month x gender interactions on weaning weight (WW) and daily live weight gain (DLWG) were highly significant. The overall means of WW and DLWG were respectively found to be 79.7±0.20 kg and 525±2.5 g. A one kilogram increase in birth weight resulted in an increase of 0.89 kg in weaning weight and a decrease of 1.26 g in daily live weight gain. Prenatal temperature-humidity index (THI) affected birth weight of calves (R2=0.67). Increasing THI from 50 to 80 resulted in 3.8 kg decrease in birth weight.

Emulsions take place partially or completely in the structures of many natural and processed foods or some foods are already emulsified in certain stages of production. In general “emulsion” is described as a structure created through the dispersion of one of two immiscible liquids within the other one in form of little droplets. Many terms are available to describe different emulsion types and it is very important to define and clarify these terms like “macro emulsion”, “nanoemulsion” and “multiple emulsion”. Nanoemulsions become increasingly important in food industry as an innovative approach in carrying functional agents. Application potential of multiple emulsions (W/O/W) is also stated to be very high in food industry. The two main strategic purposes of utilization of multiple emulsions in food applications are to encapsulate various aromas, bioactive compounds or sensitive food compounds and to allow the production of the low-fat products. This review provides an overview to the general terms of emulsion types, the role of various emulsifying agents, and the application potential of emulsions in food industry.

Precise estimation of the reference evapotranspiration is very important and vital in different fields such as agriculture, hydrology and meteorology. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the performance of different reference evapotranspiration methods compared to Class-A pan or E-pan over different agro-climatic regions in Egypt. In this study, Egypt has divided into several agro-climatic regions according to the average air temperature and the reference evapotranspiration from Class-A pan. These were Nile Delta in the north, middle and Upper Egypt. Four reference evapotranspiration (ETo) methods namely; Blaney-Criddle, Hargreaves, Thornthwaite and FAO-56 Penman-Monteith (PM) have been evaluated in this study. The results revealed that, there were statistically no significance between E-Pan and PM at P-value less than 0.05, while the other equations had significant differences. The Hargreaves equation reported the highest ETo value at all regions while Thornthwaite was the lowest one. The difference percentage ratios between FAO-56 Penman-Monteith, Blaney-Criddle, Thornthwaite and Hargreaves and E-Pan were 3.7, -13.3, -24.8 and 10.7 respectively. Hence, FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method has proved its capability in estimation of reference evapotranspiration over different agro-climatic regions in Egypt. Therefore, it could be used over any region in Egypt especially those have no reference evapotranspiration instruments.This study is a regional research, similar studies has been made for different regions by many researchers. Therefore, the determined results in this study can be used for regions with similar climatic conditions.

The aim of the present work was to examine the effects of anionic salts (MgCl2 or MgSO4) supplementation on metabolic profile, peripartum diseases and pregnancy rate of dairy cows during the prepartum period. Fourty five Holstein dairy cows were placed on 1 of 3 prepartum treatments. Treatment groups were balanced body condition score as far as similar. Treatments were total mixed ration (TMR) without anionic salt (control), TMR supplemented with 30 g/d/cow MgCl2 or TMR supplemented with 30 g/d/cow MgSO4. After parturation, all groups were fed with same TMR. The presynch-ovsynch protocol was used and fixed time artificial insemination was done after 30 days postpartum. The experiment was lasted for 8 weeks of postpartum. Cows fed MgCl2 supplemented TMR increased milk yield compared with control and MgSO4 supplemented TMR. Supplementing anionic salts reduced serum AST and ALT concentrations, increased serum glucose, HDL, IgG, Ca and Mg concentrations. Health and reproductive performance were not different between treatments. These data suggets that anionic salts supplementation in TMR during prepartum can alter milk yield and blood biochemical parameters.

The aim of present study was to determine the growth performance of Russian sturgeon Acipenser gueldenstaedtii throughout 5 years and to investigate problems encountered in grow-out phase. Fish samples (2750.88±351.18 g, 80.18±6.49 cm mean±SD) were equally stocked into fiberglass tanks, three replicate per treatment and fed for 5 years. Gain of weight and length, Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Condition Factor (CF) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were determined. Our results indicated that mean final length and weight were 106.34±2.79 (cm) and 6651.16±3.16 (g). The mean condition factor (CF) at year 5 was 0.51. FCR values fluctuated and the highest value of food conversion rate (FCR) was determined in 4th year. During the rearing period of Russian sturgeon, SGR values decreased dramatically from 2.88 to 1.83. In conclusion, slow growth was determined in Russian sturgeon A. gueldenstaedtii. Therefore, there is need for extensive evaluation and comparison of data obtained from field studies and those obtained from laboratory studies.

In the current research, it was aimed to determine Somatic Cell Count (SCC) and the factors effecting on SCC in milk samples of Brown Swiss cattle raised at different farm conditions in Yıldızeli district of Sivas province in Turkey. Raw milk samples were collected at morning milking in months of May and November in year 2012. In total, 244 milk samples from 122 Brown Swiss cattle were analyzed. The effects of calving age, farm and test month on SCC were statistically significant. In the present study, the average SCC was determined as 1209696±111361 cells/ml. About 56.6% of milk from November month and about 48.4 % of milk samples from Brown Swiss were containing over 500.000 cell/ ml. As a result, Brown Swiss cattle identified SCC in raw milk samples were significantly higher than the values specified in the legislation of the European Union Commission and Turkish Food Codex.