Oils constitute a major source of plant-based protein. A major limitation to optimal oil consumption in sub-tropical region is fungal infestation and consequent mycotoxin contamination. Ten refined and eight unrefined vegetable oils were randomly purchase from open markets and screened for microbial contamination using standard microbial procedures. Twenty six fungi isolates were obtained from the vegetable oil samples, the isolates were identified as Aspergillus fumigatus (43.0%), Mucor (17.9%), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (10.7%), Aspergillus niger (7.1%), Aspergillus flavus (7.1%), Penicillium spp (7.1%), Aspergillus oryzae (3.6%), Mucor (17.9%) and Rhizopus spp (3.6%). Five out of the ten refined vegetable oil samples had no fungal contamination. A. flavus and A. oryzae were absent in all the refined oil samples while A. niger was absent in all the unrefined oil samples. Isolation of mycotoxigenic fungi such as Aspergillus spp. is of vital importance in the food industry. Education and training of processors and consumers is recommended.

Bu çalışma yabani ve ticari bezelye çeşitlerinin (Utrillo ve Bolero) çaprazlaması sonucu elde edilen melez bitkiler üzerinde yapılmıştır. F1 ve F2 generasyonu 2016 yılında Bayburt Üniversitesi, Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi arazisinde yetiştirilmiştir. Araştırmada bakla boyu, ilk bakla yüksekliği, dal sayısı, gövde çapı, bakla uzunluğu, bakla genişliği, bitkideki bakla sayısı ve bakladaki tane sayısı özellikleri üzerine korelasyon katsayısı analizi uygulanmıştır. F1 ve F2 melez bezelye materyaline ait sonuçlar birlikte değerlendirilerek korelasyon analizi göz önüne alındığında, bitki boyu ile dal sayısı (0,4779*), bitki boyu ile ilk bakla yüksekliği (0,4188*) arasında, gövde kalınlığı ile bakla boyu (0,4397*) ve gövde kalınlığı ile bitki başına bakla sayısı arasında (0,6185**) olumlu ve önemli bulunmuştur. Ayrıca dal sayısı ile bitki başına bakla sayısı arasında (0,5774**), bakla boyu ile bakla eni arasında (0,4691*) ve bitki başına bakla sayısı ile baklada tane sayısı arasında (0,4662*) olumlu ve önemli ilişkiler bulunmuştur.

In present study, some soil characteristics of Sesamum indicum L. (Sesame) and its adjacent blank field (control) were compared in a growing season as pre (PreC and PreS) and post (PostC and PostS) harvest in Adana, Turkey. Soil macro (C, N, P and K) and micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe), carbon (Cmin) and nitrogen mineralizations and soil aerobic bacteria and fungi counts were determined in before and after harvest soils. Soils were humidified at 80% of their field capacity and then monitored for 45 days at 28 °C to determine soil carbon (Cmin) and nitrogen (Nmin) mineralization. Generally, macro and micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe) were higher in control than sesame field except phosphorus (P2O5) and there were found significant differences between them before and after harvest. Aerobic bacteria and fungi populations were decreased after harvest while fungi populations were increased in sesame soils compared to control. Soil CO2-C evolution was higher in sesame field than control. Rates of carbon mineralization was in order as following PostC < PreC < PostS< PreS. Rate of Nmin was significantly higher in sesame soils before harvest but it was lower after harvest compared to control. Carbon mineralization rates in sesame grown soils were significantly decreased and it was in order as following PostC < PreC < PostS < PreS. Decrease in soil carbon mineralization after harvest can be explained with decrease in soil microbial populations in short term.

Analysis of consumer preferences for cowpea varieties in Osun State was carried out with a view to identifying attributes that determine price variation among cowpea varieties and the effect on consumer’s willingness to pay for those varieties. A multistage sampling technique was used to randomly select 240 respondents for the study, comprising 180 cowpea consumers and 60 retailers. Primary data were collected on cowpea varieties, their attributes and the consumer’s willingness to pay for cowpea varieties using well structured questionnaire. Data collected were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that out of thirteen varieties found in the area, only nine varieties of cowpea were common in the market. The quality of each variety differs which explained variation in their price. In terms of preference the Oloyin variety is preferred most by 78% of consumers. Weevil resistance had the highest rank among the cowpea attributes. Oloyin had the highest WTP followed by Milk and Drum with ₦303, ₦237 and ₦213 per kg, respectively. Hedonic pricing methods provide a statistical estimate of premiums and discounts for cowpea attributes. Results indicated that weevil resistance was the most important attribute to consumer. Cowpeas with weevil damage tolerance, brown colour, large grain size and short cooking time commanded price premium for almost all the varieties. The consumer discounted prices for insect damage, small size, white colour, smooth skin and grain colour mixed together. The study concludes on the need for breeders and research institutes to incorporate these cowpea attributes that attracted price premium into their cowpea breeding programmes.

Pheasant rearing is rated in three main categories: show and hobby, public interest, and stocking for game birds and edible purposes. The goal of this pheasant breeding station is to put stocking for game birds in their natural habitat, mainly in the Karadeniz region. Contribution to the issues related to incubation in this station and determination of effective reproduction age by setting production period. The aim of this study is to determine how significant performance criteria like egg production, fertility, hatchability and embryonic mortality are, depending on age and on seasonal changes. Our research has been carried out at the Gelemen Pheasant Breeding Station in Samsun. The pheasant breeds that are used on the farm are made up of 114 male and 800 female pheasants (1♂:7♀), of Hungarian and Caucasian genotypes. During the egg-laying period, which lasts for 16 weeks from the end of March (at the age of 45 weeks) to the middle of July (at the age of 60 weeks), egg production was recorded daily and evaluated once a week, and incubation yield was recorded nine times in total. Differences between weeks of age, in terms of egg production, egg and chick weights, fertility rate, incubation yield and embryonic mortality, have been found to be statistically significant. However, hatchability has been found to be statistically insignificant.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of deficit irrigation on yield for cabbage grown under unheated greenhouse condition. The research was carried out at the Agricultural Research Station of Yenişehir High School of Uludağ University in Bursa, Turkey, in 2008. In the study, water was applied to cabbage as 1.00, 0.75, 0.50, 0.25 and 0.00% (as control) of evaporation from a Class A Pan corresponding to 2 day irrigation frequency. Irrigation water applied ranged from 70 to 520 mm and water consumption ranged from 90 to 548 mm. The effect of irrigation water level on the yield, head height, head diameter, head weight and dry matter were found to be significant. The highest yield was 72.8 t ha-1. Crop yield response factor for cabbage (ky) was found as 1.036. The highest values of water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) for 2008 year of K2cp treatment was calculated to be 0.143 kg m-3 and 0.137 kg m-3, respectively. K2cp application (75%) can be recommended as the most effective irrigation level for the cabbage to which drip irrigation is applied under scarce and unheated greenhouse conditions.

Bu çalışma, ökse otu (ÖO) olarak bilinen (Viscum album L.)’nin yem değerinin ortaya konulması amacı ile yürütülmüştür. Bu nedenle, kayısı (Purunus cinsi) ve badem (Amygdalus communis L.) ağaçlarından alınan ÖO numuneleri; bütün bitki, sap, yaprak ve meyveler olmak üzere dört alt gruba ayrılmıştır. Kesimhaneden alınan rumen sıvısı ve içeriği kullanılarak In vitro gaz üretim tekniği ile ÖO örnekleri 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72 ve 96 saat süre ile inkübe edilmiştir. Örneklerin In vitro organik madde sindirilebilirliliği (OMS), metabolize olabilir enerji (ME) ve net enerji laktasyon (NEL) değerleri 24 saatlik gaz çıkışına bağlı olarak hesaplanmıştır. Kayısı ağacından toplanan ÖO bitkisinin farklı kısımlarındaki (bütün bitki, sap, yaprak ve meyveler) ham protein, ham yağ, ADF ve NDF içerikleri, 90,25 ile 120,82, 80,05 ile100,13, 190,29 ile 330,17, 280,85 ile 500,86 g kg-1 KM aralığında bulunurken badem ağaçlarından toplanan ÖO bitkilerinin aynı ham besin madde içerikleri sırasıyla 100,37 ile 140,67, 80,42 ile 100,35, 200,45 ile 360,87, 340,29 ile 530,10 g kg-1 KM olarak bulunmuştur. Kayısı ağaçlarından toplanan ÖO’nun OMS, ME ve NEL değerleri, 0,60 ile 0,74, 9,0 ile 11,17 ME kg-1 KM ve 6,08 ile 7,71 NEL kg-1 KM iken badem ağaçlarından toplanan ÖO In vitro gaz testinden hesaplanan aynı parametreleri sırasıyla 0,63 ile 0,76, 9,40 ile 11,26 ME kg-1 KM ve 6,39 ile 7,98 NEL kg-1 KM arasında değişmiştir. Ökse otunun farklı bölümlerinin OMS, ME ve NEL değerlerinde istatistiksel olarak farklılıklar elde edilmiştir. Genel olarak, ÖO protein ve lif açısından uygun, kaba yemlerle karşılaştırıldığında ham yağ içeri bakımından yüksek ve ME ve NEL içeriğin bakımından ise hayvan beslemede hammadde olarak kullanılacak kadar iyi olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, sağlık ve performans üzerindeki zararlı etkileri beslenme denemelerinde gösterilmedikçe ökse otu, geviş getirenlerin rasyonlarında kullanılabilecek iyi bir potansiyel yem maddesidir.

Canonical correlation analysis is a multivariate method to examine the relationships between two (X and Y) sets of variables when all measurements are obtained from same broilers. Canonical correlation analysis aims to obtain new variables called as canonical variates formed by linear combinations of the original variables for each set and by maximizing the relationships between two set. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between 8 biochemical traits (Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Albumin, Triglyceride, Total Cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, Glucose, Total Protein and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)) and 4 oxidative stress traits (total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), lipid peroxide (LPO)) in broiler chickens. As a result, the correlation between the first canonical variable pair was found 0.594.

The use of bioactive compounds has been maintaining its significance from nutritional aspects. Due to the increasing demand for them in potential markets, researchers struggle to create new sources and improve their methods. Plant materials possess plenty and a diverse range of these compounds. However, their availability strongly depends on the extraction techniques in addition to the sampling methods and the applicability of the method to the specific parts of the plant. Thus, it is crucial to develop a common, precise way which will enable to extract all the active components regardless of their origin and their location in the plant material. Besides, the new method ought to have the highest economic value in comparison to the present applications which means that the efficiency of the extraction should be acceptable on industrial scale as well. Even though numerous methods have been improved so far, it seems to be unlikely to achieve a standardized solution with high valorization for the extraction of bioactive compounds from plants until now. This review aims to discuss the novel extraction methods in addition to the conventional techniques focusing on the critical parameters such as the cost, time, yield, feasibility and eco-friendliness of the process.

Turkey, which is among the major gene centers of the world and has a special place in plant genetic diversity. However, many plant genetic resources, including geophytes, are under genetic erosion because of the environmental and other problems and therefore face with the danger of extinction. Lilium ciliatum is endemic to North East Anatolia. IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Natural Resources) Red List Category of this species is Endangered (EN). Lilium ciliatum naturally grown in Zigana pass, Bayburt, Trabzon, Bulancak, Giresun and Gümüşhane is endangered and major threats of L. ciliatum are road construction and human disturbance related to ecotourism and recreation. It was reported that Lilium carniolicum naturally grown in Turkey is endangered although it isn’t in the IUCN Red List. Distribution areas of L. carniolicum are Trabzon, Rize, Artvin and it is also endemic to North East Anatolia. These species have high potential for use as ornamental plants with their colorful big flowers. In addition, the bulbs of these species are also used in the cosmetic industry and medicine. These are the main properties that increase the importance of L. ciliatum and L. carniolicum species. Therefore it is very important to protect the habitats of these species, ensure the continuity of their generations. The disappearance of these endemic species from our country means to disappear from the world. This review has been given in order to give some information about the endangered Lilium species of Turkey and conservation actions on these species in Turkey flora and take attention to the issue.