This study was carried out to investigate the effects of solid-state fermentation (SSF) on main nutritional components, some minerals, condensed tannin and phenolic compounds of olive leaves. Two groups were formed as a fermented (FOL, Aspergillus niger ATCC 52172) and non-fermented olive leaves (OL). Suitable environmental conditions (humidity, temperature and pH) before SSF were established and fermentation lasted on day 8. After fermentation, while the crude fiber, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) content of FOL compared to OL were decreased, its the crude protein, ether extract, ash and condensed tannin contents were increased. Some macro minerals (Ca, N, K, P, Mg) and micro minerals components (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B) of FOL and OL were varied. Although oleuropein content of FOL was decreased, it’s catechin and hydroxytyrosol contents were increased by SSF. These results showed that A. niger ATCC 52172 strain could be suitable inoculant to improve the nutritional content of olive leaves.

Sweet sorghum is an important crop which is produced for food, energy and feed (Almodares and Hadi, 2009). The crop prefers warm moist soil for germination and emergence. However, it would be more beneficial if it can be grown in different seasons. A field experiment was carried to evaluate sixteen sweet sorghum genotypes [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] under winter conditions in order to assess the possibility of producing the crop throughout the year since the crop consumes less water and has a short life cycle when compared with sugarcane. The genotypes we recollected from different areas of Sudan. The experiment was planted using a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. There were significant differences among genotypes with respect to the number of days to germination, plant height, number of leaves per plant, chlorophyll content, stem diameter, head weight, shoot fresh weight, head to shoot ratio, brix value, juice weight and number of days to maturity. A highly positive correlation (0.92) was observed between juice and shoot weight, and there was a negative correlation (-0.14) between brix value and head weight. The genotypes showed high variability in all mentioned parameters, hence, could be useful genetic resources for breeding winter adaptation.

The unnatural change in the globe under influence of devastating global warming has been quashing the overall functioning of ecosystem since industrial revolution. Thus, the human-induced disaster caused by proportional increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has affected the normal functioning of hydrologic cycle. Under the undesirable condition, the amount of hydrologic variables began to diverge over time. Hydrologic variable should be homogeneous for the reliability of hydraulic structure while predicting necessary design criteria for its construction. Therefore, the test of whether this requirement is true should be performed in the context of any given hydrologic data’s homogeneity before being passed to the implementation of statistical approaches to the data. The study carried out in Yesilirmak basin was realized on homogeneity of seasonal maximum streamflow data from eight gauging stations operated by The General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI). Yesilirmak River basin area is approximately 5% of surface area of Turkey. Yesilirmak River is one of the major rivers of Turkey and its long is 519 kilometers. There are three main tributaries of the Yesilirmak River, named as Kelkit, Cekerek and Tersakan. Its water is mostly used for purposes as irrigation, drinking, fisheries and wildlife. The parametric and non-parametric procedures, called as standard normal homogeneity, Pettitt, Buishand range and von Neuman ratio were used for this reason. Statistically significant inhomogeneity with respect to the all of the statistic tests taken into account in the study was detected in the considered streamflow data sequences presented.

In this study, synergistic effects of secondary compounds on the total diet amount of consumption and biological properties of Uresiphita gilvata, which is a polyphagous species, were investigated. The biological properties of this species against different secondary compounds will provide important clues in the fight against species. For this purpose, nine diets were prepared by adding tannic acid, gallic acid and p-Coumaric acid at different concentrations (1, 3, 5%) in the control diet. With the addition of these secondary compounds to the diet at 3% concentration, a total of fourteen diets were prepared, three diets in double combination, and one diet in triple combination. Compared to the control group, it was found that increasing amounts of tannic acid and p-Coumaric acid in the diet resulted in a decrease in total dietary consumption and pupal protein amounts of U. gilvata larvae. It was found that the total consumption amount and pupal weight increased with the increase of gallic acid concentration in diets. The development time was prolonged by adding all three secondary compounds to the diet at increasing concentrations. In this study, it was observed that the larvae were resistant at the related concentrations and combinations of the secondary compounds used in this study and reached the pupae stage.

A single specimen of the rudderfish (Centrolophus niger Gmelin, 1789) was caught using the handline by fishermen on 14 April 2016 in İbrice Bight (Saroz Bay). This paper represents the first record of C. niger for Saroz Bay.

Hair Goat is one of the native breeds of Turkey. There are 8 million head of Hair Goat in Turkey. Hair goat is well suited in harsh climate or poor pasture conditions and forests. They are kept usually for meat production. The body colour of Hair Goat ranges from white to black or brown. The male goats have more live weight than females. In this study, 2500 head of Hair Goats were collected in 2015 and 2016. Birth rate was 61.2 and 73.7% respectively. Twinning rate was 7.2 and 6.6% and infertility rate was 24.6 and 15.4% respectively. These results indicate low fertility rate of Hair Goats.

Purple sweet potato (PSP) serves as a potential source for dual functionalities of resistant starch (RS) and antioxidants. This study aims to evaluate the effects of pullulanase enzyme on these functionalities. Results showed that the incorporation of pullulanase into PSP powder could significantly increase the RS content from 3.06 g/100g to 7.11 g/100g. However, total anthocyanin content and DPPH radical scavenging activity reduced significantly, due to the interference from RS fragments on anthocyanins. Securing both functionalities (RS and antioxidant) within the same sample is seemingly impossible. A compromise between RS and antioxidant properties in coloured, starchy plant powders is recommended.

Ethiopia’s agricultural production has been challenged by waterlogging, salinity, acidity, parasitic weed, and irrigation scheduling problems which has resulted in lower yields than the potential. Waterlogging is the main drainage problem in the small scale irrigation schemes in the Vertisols dominated highland areas while salinity and salinization is a common phenomenon in the large and medium scale irrigation schemes located in the lowlands of the country’s major river basins with predominantly salt affected soils. Soil acidity and associated low nutrient availability is one of the constraints to crop production on acid soils. Lime requirement for crops grown on acid soils is determined by the quality of liming material, status of soil fertility, crop species and varieties, crop management practices, and economic considerations. A considerable loss in growth and yield of many food and fodder crops is caused by root-parasitic flowering plants. Globally, Striga and Orobanche have a greater impact on human welfare than any other parasitic angiosperms because their hosts are subsistence crops in areas marginal for agriculture. In irrigated agriculture, efficient water management is an important element. Such practices can help bust sustainable production and maintain farm profitability in which there is limited water resource.

Peyzaj mimarlığı araştırmaları; planlama, tasarım, koruma, onarım, uygulama ve yönetim konularında yapılmaktadır. Yapılan bu araştırmaların her biri için bir yöntem tasarımının kurgulanması gerekmektedir. Çalışmada, peyzaj mimarlığında araştırma alanları olan; kentsel ekosistem, açık/ yeşil alanlar ve park alanları ile ilgili bilgiler sunulmuştur. Park alanlarına odaklanılarak, araştırma yöntemleri sunulmuştur. Çalışmada, peyzaj mimarlığında kantitatif yöntemlerle yürütülen araştırmalar park alanları özelinde değerlendirilmiştir. Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de peyzaj mimarlığı araştırmalarında, araştırma materyali olan park alanlarıyla ilgili araştırma yöntemleri ortaya konularak, bilgiler sunulmuştur.