Camels are known as "ship of the desert" and "beast of burden" and resistant to harsh climatic conditions. Their function has changed in the modern world and they have become a food source like other farm animal species. In the last 60 years, the number of camels, their meat and milk production in the world have increased 3.0, 4.95 and 5.0 times, respectively. In Türkiye, both Bactrian and dromedary camels are reared since F1 hybrid ♂ Tülü (Bactrian ♂ x dromedary ♀) perform better in camel wrestling, which is a unique culture of Anatolia. There are also a few farms aiming to produce camel milk and rearing young camels intensively in Türkiye. However, many practices such as calf rearing, insemination of cows, milking stimulation, milk preservation, milk quality control, milk collection and marketing and milk processing into the products are not as modern as in dairy cattle production. Although dairy camel farms in Türkiye have a higher milk production potential, since high milk prices lead to low demand for camel milk and there is only one camel milk processing facility to turn camel milk into products, farms produce far below their capacity. Processing camel milk into the products such as cheese, whey, yoghurt, pasteurized milk, kefir and ayran is still in its infancy. In conclusion, although the basis of camel rearing in Türkiye today is based on wrestling camel breeding, understanding of the benefits of camel milk on human health and the increase in demand for camel milk products suggest that this situation will change in favour of dairy camel breeding in the near future.

Tea is one of the most important non-alcoholic beverage in the world and has been gaining further popularity as an important ‘health drink’ in view of its inferable medicinal value. In Bangladesh, commercially tea was cultivated since 1854 by establishing first tea garden Malnicherra Tea Estate in Sylhet. From 1947 to 2020, tea growing area, production and per hectare yield were increased 127.71%, 370.53% and 137.96% respectively. The major reasons behind the increasing tea productivity are extension of tea growing areas as well as cultivation of the tea clones (BT clones) released by Bangladesh Tea Research Institute (BTRI). Till now BTRI released 23 clones and 5 biclones, having average per hectare yield of 3461.67 kg. In the world, tea production, consumption and exportation have increased significantly. Unlike world condition, there is a negative relation between tea production and export in Bangladesh. From 1980 to 2020 the quantity of tea exports was decreased by 92.99%. This situation emphasizes the need for exploring alternative means by the tea industries of increasing profits from tea cultivation and tea export. As a result, researches on tea varietal improvement is needed for rapid economic growth and development of tea industry as well as to encourage tea plantation business to go ahead with more production to meet our own demand along with quality tea to flourish tea business in Bangladesh.

Phosphorous is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development. Most of the soil is deficient in plant available phosphorous and due to economic limitations majority of Ethiopian farmers applied inadequate fertilizers. It is essential to stabilize a mechanism to access P for plants with an efficient, cheap, and eco-friendly approach for enhanced crop growth and production. The main objective of this study was to screen efficient phosphate solubilizing bacteria from tomato rhizosphere soil. Using halo zone formation on PVK agar medium, more than 400 PSB isolates were isolated from 13 rhizosphere soil samples. By evaluating SI, texture in the culture-re-culturing process, liquid medium pH change efficiency and growth rate, upmost three promising PSB isolates (K-1-29, K-10-27, and K-10-41) were selected. Incubation of the isolates in PVK broth for five days showed significant pH reduction. For instance, isolate K-10-41 showed significant pH change (4.02) which indicates the organic acid production. Isolation and evaluation of efficient phosphate solubilizing bacteria maintain soil fertility, promote plant growth, induce plant response to pathogens, reduce agrochemical consumption and promote sustainable agriculture. Therefore, these selected PSB isolates need further detailed study for taxonomic identification, plant growth promotion, host range, and phytopathogen response. Local isolation improves environmental adaptation and indigenous competition.

Bu çalışma, yetiştirme ortamına kompost ve gübre ilavesinin gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex Hooker f.) bitkisinin büyüme ve çiçeklenmesine etkilerini belirmemek amacıyla 2021-2022 yıllarında yürütülmüştür. Yetiştirme ortamına farklı oranlarda kompost (%0- %20 ve %40) ve farklı EC seviyelerine sahip (EC 750 µS/cm – EC 1100 µS/cm ve EC 1450 µS/cm) gübreleme uygulamaları yapılmıştır. Kompost oranlarının bitki gelişimine etkisi incelendiğinde, çiçek sap uzunluğu, çiçek sap kalınlığı, çiçek çapı, dal ağırlığı, SPAD değeri, vazo ömrü, kök uzunluğu, kök yaş ağırlığı, kök kuru ağırlığı ve verim parametrelerinde kompost uygulaması yapılmayan (%0) ortamlarda en iyi sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Farklı gübreleme düzeylerinin etkisine bakıldığında ise, EC 1100 µS/cm gübreleme seviyesinde, çiçek sap uzunluğu, çiçek çapı, dal ağırlığı, vazo ömrü, kök uzunluğu, kök kuru ağırlığı ve verim parametrelerinde en iyi sonuçlar saptanmıştır. Farklı oranlarda kompost ve gübreleme uygulamalarının kombine edilmesi sonucunda ise, çiçek sap uzunluğu, çiçek sap kalınlığı, çiçek çapı, dal ağırlığı ve vazo ömrü parametrelerinde %0 kompost uygulaması ve EC düzeyinin 750 µS/cm olduğu yetiştirme ortamlarında diğer uygulamalara kıyasla olumlu etki yaptığı görülmüştür. Bitki boyunda %40 kompost uygulaması ve EC düzeyinin 1100 µS/cm, SPAD değerinde ve kök uzunluğunda %0 kompost uygulaması ve EC düzeyinin 1100 µS/cm, kök yaş ağırlığında ise %0 kompost uygulaması ve EC düzeyinin 1450 µS/cm olduğu yetiştirme ortamlarında en iyi sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. İki yıllık veriler kıyaslandığında ise gerbera bitkisinin gelişim özelliği ve uygulamaların da etkisiyle ikinci yılda ve büyüme ve çiçeklenmenin daha iyi olduğu saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, gerberada kompost oranının artışı genel itibariyle bitki gelişimini kısıtladığı tespit edilmiştir Gübreleme uygulamalarında ise 1100 µS/cm EC düzeyinin bitki gelişimi açısından diğer uygulamalara kıyasla daha olumlu etki yaptığı görülmüştür.

Investigating the nutrient composition in soil textural constituent as influenced by land use is a necessity towards a good soil conservative and management measure. In view of this, a laboratory experiment was conducted; soil samples were collected from different locations within and outside the Federal University of Technology, Akure and analyzed for basic chemical elements. The soil sampling was based on land use and six different soil samples were collected at a depth of 0-15cm. These samples included bare soil (BS), waterlogged soil (WS), maize cultivated soil (MS), cassava cultivated soil (CS), cassava-maize intercrop (CM), and mixed cropping of cassava, maize and cowpea (MC). The waterlogged soil was cultivated to rice while the bare soil was not cultivated. The soil samples were air-dried and crushed after which fractionation was carried out using a three-layer sieve to separate the soil particles into different size of 2mm to 0.5mm (Sand), 0.5mm-0.05mm (Silt) and

Social development is possible with agriculture. With the impact of environmental pollution, natural disasters, climate change, food security, and population growth, interdisciplinary "new agriculture" is becoming an important trend of modern agriculture. Hydrogen (H2) is the most common element on earth, making up more than 75% of the mass of the universe. Hydrogen gas is colorless, odorless, and tasteless and is considered a physiologically inert molecule and a potential source for clean energy in the future. Hydrogenated agriculture including mainly hydrogen-rich water (HRW) focuses on the molecular mechanisms underlying improved agricultural product quality. Studies have shown that H2 does not only affect plant growth and development but also affects the nutritional quality and shelf life of the fruit. Hydrogenated agriculture emerges as a promising technology for the sustainability of agricultural products in modern agricultural practices thanks to the different beneficial effects of H2 such as safety, nutritional and antioxidative properties, and high product productivity. In this review, the roles of H2 in plants, seed germination, seedling growth, root development, stomatal opening and closing, pre-harvest freshness, post-harvest freshness, and the changes caused by hydrogenated agriculture at various stages of the plant such as anthocyanin synthesis have been investigated.

The objective of the present study was to determine the relationships between animal welfare score (AWS) and milk somatic cell count (SCC) in Anatolian buffaloes. The study carried out on 39 buffalo farms of Bafra district of Samsun province of Turkey between January and March 2020. To obtain AWS data, a scale with 1 to 100 points (1-25: poor, 26-50: moderate, 51-75: suitable and ≥76: excellent) was used. Locomotion ability (LA), social interaction (SI), flooring (F), indoor conditions (IC) and effect of stockman (S) were used to be AWS parameters. Milk samples were analyzed by SCC using a portable cell counter. The SCC values were transferred to log10 base before the analyses. To assess the effects of AWS on logSCC, independent sample t-test was performed. The relations of all parameters with each other were calculated by Kendall rank correlation method and the statistical analyses were carried out by SPSS 17.0. The highest and the lowest means were obtained from SI (79.66±1.28) and F (61.79±2.51), respectively. While the highest correlation was estimated between IC and AWS (r=0.724), all AWS parameters had approximately moderate relations with AWS. Positive or negative, but insignificant correlation coefficients were estimated between any traits and logSCC. The means of SCC (136841±15522 cells/ml) and AWS (68.70±1.67) of the present study were found within the suitable thresholds. Routinely keeping the records on AWS and its components, and adding AWS data to the herd management programs was suggested to the buffalo farm owners.

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a pathogen causing hemorrhagic enteritis in puppies and mainly transmitting via feco-oral route. In this study, stool samples were collected from a total of 35 animals suspected of CPV. The samples were examined by Conventional PCR, Nested PCR and Differential PCR tests. 20 out of 35 dogs (57.1%) were detected positive by conventional PCR, 31 (88.6%) by nested PCR and 30 (85.7%) by differential PCR. CPV 2a was stated as the most common antigenic type, male animals and 0–3-month-olds had a high rate of becoming sick and vaccinated animals might also catch the disease, rarely. Accordingly, it is recommended to focus on studies providing molecular epidemiology surveillance in order to detect the existing subtypes and develop reliable diagnosis and vaccination methods.

Peganum harmala L. (Zygophyllaceae) known locally as harmel is a medicinal plant. In traditional medicine, its seeds have long been used for therapeutic purposes because of their richness in β-carboline alkaloids. This study aimed to evaluate the maternal and developmental toxicity during pregnancy by daily IP administration of 7.99 mg/kg/day (1/20 DL50) of total alkaloids extract in P.harmala’ seeds. The results summarized in confirmed pregnancy rates were high 90-100%, decreased locomotor activity, paralysis, and hypothermia. Maternal body weight and weight gain changes were statistically significant in all pregnant. Precisely, the relative weight of ovaries was significantly changed in all the groups treated. The ALAT and gamma GT concentrations show a significant change in the group treated for seven days. Significant changes in the total and indirect bilirubin levels were observed in all treated groups. The hormonal analysis showed a significant decrease in FSH levels in a treated group for seven days and two weeks, Progesterone levels were increased significantly in treated groups for seven and three weeks and increased significantly in a treated group for two groups, however, the levels of Estrogen were changed significantly only in the treated group for three. The results show a significant difference in total resorbed litters and the number of fetus deaths in the group treated for three weeks. The fetus weight in the group treated for two weeks was significant. The results show a significant decrease in the number of implantations and an increase in pre-and post-implantation loss rates, and there were no developed live or dead, and no resorbed fetuses in all treated dams, there were only implantation sites in both uterine horns. The total extract of the alkaloids in the seeds of P. harmala has adverse effects on maternotoxicity, embryonic development, and abortion.