In this research, the effect of extract obtained from waste mandarin peels on inhibition or retardation of ageing of the leather was investigated. Firstly, mandarin peels were extracted and antioxidant activity of the mandarin peels were detected by using of DPPH method. This antioxidant method is based on DPPH that is a purple stable compound, inhibition with sample compound. Extracted mandarin peel samples were read by spectrophotometer at 517 nm wavelength. At final, antioxidant activity of mandarin extract was determined as 65 µM TE/g. The mandarin extract treated with leather after formic acid fixation as a fixator. Goat leathers were kept under 80°C/UV for 72 hours for aging process and the colour values of initial and hindermost leathers were measured with using of Konica Minolta CM 3600d Brand spectrophotometer. L*, a*, b* and ΔE values of the samples were calculated. At the end of the study, it was found that mandarin extract was a natural antioxidant and if it was used as a fixator it could have aging retardant effect at the leather production. Also, it was determined that the use of waste mandarin peels extract increases the brightness of the leather. The difference between the colour values of the leather samples in which the extract was used and not used was found statistically significant.

Türkiye kuruyemiş üretimi ve tüketimi açısından dünyanın önde gelen ülkeleri arasında yer almakta ve birçok ürün kuruyemiş olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu ürünlerden biri de karpuz çekirdeğidir. Bu çalışmada Mardin, Diyarbakır ve Batman illerinden temin edilen ve çerezlik olarak tüketilen karpuz çekirdeklerinin bazı kimyasal bileşenleri belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca Batman ilinden temin edilen karpuz çekirdekleri 140, 160 ve 180°C’de 60 dakika boyunca kavrulmuş ve kavurma işleminin karpuz çekirdeği yağının oksidatif stabilitesi üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Karpuz çekirdeklerinin kuru madde, kül, yağ, protein, toplam tokoferol ve toplam fenolik madde miktarlarının sırasıyla %95,39-95,58, %3,10-3,38, %51,65-52,75, %32,76-34,87, 360,12-393,16 mg/kg ve 427,75-478,80 mg GAE/kg yağsız kısım aralıklarında değiştiği tespit edilmiştir. Karpuz tohumlarının yağ asidi bileşimi incelendiğinde ise elzem yağ asidi olan linoleik asit açısından (%60,74) önemli bir kaynak olduğu ve oleik asidi de (%20,48) yüksek miktarda içerdiği belirlenmiştir. Yapılan çalışmada karpuz çekirdeklerinin yağ asidi bileşiminin kavurma işleminden etkilenmediği ve peroksit sayısının ise 1,57- 3,0 meq O2/kg yağ olarak dar bir aralıkta değiştiği gözlenmiştir. Buna karşın kavurma sıcaklığının, örneklerin peroksit değeri üzerindeki etkisi istatistik açıdan önemli bulunmuştur. K232 değerleri örneklerde kavurma süresince 2,54 ile 4,01 arasında değişirken, K268 değerleri ise 4,99 ile 5,04 arasında değişmiştir. 180°C’de kavrulmuş örneklerin K232 ve K268 değerleri 140 ve 160°C’de kavrulmuş olanlardan istatistiksel olarak farklı bulunmuştur. Çalışma sonucunda karpuz çekirdeklerinin elzem yağ asidi olan linoleik asidi önemli miktarlarda içerdiği ve kavurma işleminin yağ oksidasyon parametrelerinde düşük düzeylerde değişimlere neden olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Coconut shell extract contains phytochemical compounds tannins, saponins and steroids which are thought to act as antimicrobial compounds. This makes coconut shell extract has great potential as a natural preservative, one of which is the natural preservative coconut sap. This study aims to know the effect of coconut shell type, extraction time, extraction temperature and the combination of the three treatments on the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical extracts produced. This study using a Randomized Block Design (RBD). The factors tested were coconut shell type consisting of: fresh old coconut shell; dry old coconut shell; fresh young coconut shell; dry young coconut shell; length of extraction time consisting of: 3 and 5 hours’ extraction time, and extraction temperature consisting of: 28°C and 70°C. The variables observed in this study include microbiological and phytochemical variables. The results showed that all type of coconut shell extract contains phytochemical compounds such as tannin, saponins, and some samples contain steroid compounds and had the ability of antimicrobial activity, especially in the bacterium A.aceti. The combination of a dry old shell with an extraction time of 3 hours and extraction temperature of 28°C has the highest antimicrobial activity against A.aceti bacteria with inhibition zone diameter of 13.25 mm, positive containing phytochemical compounds tannins, saponins and steroids and contains total phenol levels of 18.67 mg/100g.

Identifying the originality and detecting the authentication of the processed and unprocessed commercial food products ensure food safety. Food adulteration of food products with high commercial value by cheap additives could threaten human health. In this study, we generated and tested five DNA barcodes (ITS, LEAFY, matK, rbcL, ycf1) of the Turkish Protected Designation of Origin Apricot “Iğdır Kayısısı” (Prunus armeniaca cv. Şalak) with related primer pairs. The generated barcodes were deposited on the GenBank database. The results showed that nuclear originated ITS and LEAFY barcodes discriminated the Prunus species and cultivars better than the plastidial barcodes. Due to plenty of ITS barcodes on the databases, and good results in our study we recommend using ITS to identify Prunus species and cultivars.

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the quality characteristics of different dry beans (Önceler 98, Göynük 98, Yunus 90, Topçu, Aras 98, Alberto, Bermaz, Noyanbey 98, Akman 98, Göksün, Karacaşehir 98) cultivars. The research, which was planned to be 20 plants per square meter and 4 repetitions, was conducted in Eastern Anatolia (Elazig) between May and September in 2017. The grain number per plant, grain weight per the plant, 100 grain weight, protein, starch and oil ratios of bean varieties were examined. At the end of the study, the number of grains per plant, grain weight of plant, 100 grain weight, protein, starch and fat ratio of beans varieties was between 25.45-159.85 piece, 19.00-51.15 g, 21.18-49.62 g, 24.65-28.24%, 40.80-46.31% 1.02-1.77% respectively. The highest values were determined for protein ratio (%) on Noyan Bey 98 cultivar and for grain weight of plant, starch ratio, fat ratio (%) on Göynük 98 cultivar among bean varieties.

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production is constrained majorly by drought and low soil fertility in Kenya. These limitations have never been adequately approached due to financial challenges and lack of better technology. A study was carried out in Kirinyaga and Embu Counties to evaluate the effects of tillage method and residual fertilizers on yield performance of dry bean. Dry bean was grown in the short rains season on plots preceded by fertilized maize (Zea mays L.) grown in the long rains season. The trials were laid out in a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement. The tillage methods, NT+CR and CT-CR, where NT: No-tillage, CT: Conventional tillage, and CR: Crop residue, were assigned the main plot and residual fertilizers (NK, NP, PK, NPK, and NPK+CaMgZnBS) the subplots. The results showed that there was 35% and 46% more water retention under NT+CR than under CT-CR system in Embu and Kirinyaga sites, respectively. NT+CR produced higher biomass, more number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, and 1000-seed weight. Plots with residual NPK+ZnBMgCaS yielded higher biomass at 60 DAE, number of seeds per pod, 1000-seed weight and grain yield than plots with other treatments. The residual NPK+ZnBMgCaS and NPK treatments out yielded PK treatment by 600 kg ha-1 and 370 kg ha-1 (Embu) and by 710 kg ha-1 and 330 kg ha-1 (Kirinyaga), respectively. Based on these results, cultivation of dry bean on residual fertilizer nutrients solely or in combination with no-till and crop residue retention after maize harvest has the potential to improve the yields and food security among farmers in the region.

Kalite ve verim açısından karkas sınıflandırmasını sağlayacak olan bilgilerin net olarak elde edilebilmesi ancak hayvanların kesimi ve kesim sonrası ölçümlerin yapılması ile mümkün olabilmektedir. Kesim öncesinde yapılan öznel değerlendirmeler kesim sonrası için sadece birer öngörü ve tahmin niteliği taşımaktadır. Ancak kesim sonrasında nesnel yöntemler ile yapılan ölçüm ve değerlendirmeler sonucunda net bilgiler elde edilebilmektedir. Doğal olarak bu durum bir sınıflandırma sisteminin varlığını, görüntüleme sistemlerini, ölçüm sistemlerini, nitelikli ve bilimsel işgücü varlığını beraberinde getirmektedir. Karkas sınıflandırma sistemindeki eksiklikler hayvancılık ve gıda sektörü açısından önemli ekonomik kayıplara neden olmakla beraber tüketiciler açısından da lezzet, hedefe uygun beslenememe ve fiyatlandırma gibi birçok sorunu beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu derlemede; Türkiye’de sığır karkaslarının sınıflandırılmaları ve derecelendirmeleri ile ilgili mevcut durum, Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde sığır karkas sınıflandırma ve derecelendirilmesi amacıyla kullanılan “S-EUROP” sistemi hakkında bilgilendirme ve karkas konformasyonu, yağlanma durumu ve karkas kompozisyonlarının belirlenmesi için kullanılan görüntüleme yöntemlerinden Ultrason, Bilgisayarlı Tomografi (BT), Manyetik Rezonans (MR), X-Ray Absorptiyometri, Optik Problar ve Video Görüntüleme Analizi (VIA) konuları hakkında bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), is a plant which has an important place in the economic sense in medicinal and aromatic plants. Such as health, food, cosmetics are among the leading materials in the use of many sectors. The production of plant materials obtained from seeds obtained from enduring and strong lines is facilitated with the increasing number of studies. Therefore, the characteristics of the lines from which the seeds come must be demonstrated. In this study, four different anise line (Spain, Egypt, Syria, Turkey) some characteristics of by seed (figure-size, surface area, projection area, average geometric and arithmetic diameter, sphericity, thousand grain weight, average germination percentage and time) It was investigated. At the same time, the film coating was applied to the seeds and the changes in these properties of the seeds were determined. The data obtained were also examined statistically.

This study has been carried out to investigate that the effect of different levels of in ovo zinc, manganese and copper mineral mix injection on the hatchability and some tissue characteristics in the Japanese quail breeder eggs. In the study a total 400 Japanese quail breeder eggs which have similar weight have been randomly distributed to four different experimental groups: C as control non-injected (C), MinMix1 has been injected with 15+15+3 µg Zn-Mn-Cu mineral mix + 0.2 ml physiological serum per egg, MinMix2 has been injected with 30+30+6 µg Zn-Mn-Cu mineral mix + 0.2 ml physiological serum per egg and MinMix3 has been injected with 45+45+9 µg Zn-Mn-Cu mineral mix + 0.2 ml physiological serum per egg. The effect of treatment on hatchability, hatching weight and tibia weight, leg, beak and tibia lengths has been found to be unimportant. The yolk sac weight was lower in the injected groups compared to the control group, whereas the heart and liver weights, chick and wing lengths have significantly increased with the in ovo mineral mix injection. The hatching of chicks in the injected groups has started earlier than the control group and the hatchings of these groups were completed earlier, except for the MinMix3 group. These results demonstrated that in ovo injection with MinMix2 increased heart and liver weights and chick and wing lengths while in ovo mineral injection decreased yolk sac.

Some vegetative properties measured in fruit trees are important indicators in examining of plant growth calculation, estimation of leaf area index in evapotranspiration, fertilizer requirement etc. These measurements reflect the effects of the cultivation treatments in many areas of commercial growing and scientific studies. One of the most important measurements is the status of the canopy development. Canopy width, area and volume can be measured with some calculations. However, more technological equipment may be needed to reduce work and labor, and to make the results more precise and clearer. Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles, which have become widespread, have a wide potential for use in agriculture. By using image processing methods, it is possible to make more objective and high accuracy evaluations much faster. In this study, the images of the apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh) cultivar Golden grafted onto MM106 rootstock, were taken by light unmanned aerial vehicle to calculate the canopy area and then these images were analyzed using image processing methods for calculating canopy areas. Both circular and elliptical calculation methods were used. The area calculations with image processing methods were compared with the areas obtained manually. Comparisons were made by regression analysis. For the most successful method R value was 0.9662 for elliptic area and 0.9346 for circular area which was calculated by image processing. The results demonstrated that the image processing can be an alternative method to determine the canopy area according to accuracy ratios.