Marketplace waste collection is one of the crucial services provided by the district municipalities in Turkey. A significant amount of food waste is periodically collected from marketplaces. However, an important opportunity for recycling and mitigation climate change is missed because these waste are sent to landfills. Composting, one of the waste management technologies applied to organic waste to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and produce compost, is often preferred for the management of marketplace waste. This study aims to determine suitable locations for compost facilities to manage marketplace waste with the help of GIS considering economic, environmental, and topographic factors in Izmir, Turkey. There are 199 marketplaces in Izmir and each has at least one market a week. Each marketplace was weighted by means of population served by using location-allocation analysis since the amount of waste collected from the marketplaces is not known. First, an exclusion analysis was performed to remove limited use areas. Then, a preference analysis was performed. Factors affecting plant site selection process for composting marketplace waste, including marketplace locations and weights, were determined. Since all factors do not have equal importance, the analytical hierarchy process was used to determine weights for each factor based on their influence. The study area was spatially evaluated for each preference factor and a suitability map was created for each factor. Finally, a high-resolution final suitability map was obtained by combining each factor’s suitability map along with their weights. Areas with a suitability index greater than 80% have been defined as suitable areas for compost facility installation. The results indicate that there are 323 potential locations suitable for compost facilities in Izmir.

H. perforatum, which is widely used in traditional medicine due to its bioactive compounds was extracted with ethanol-water (3:7). The extract was encapsulated with maltodextrin and gum arabic in a spray dryer in order to protect the phenolic compounds in its structure. Different amounts of microcapsules were added to our traditional drink, i.e. ayran (drinking yoghurt). The total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activity of the microcapsules, extract of HP, and ayran samples were determined. The amount of total phenolic compounds in the microcapsule provided a superior effect than the extract. The ayran samples were supplemented with 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% and 6% of H. perforatum (HP) microcapsules and it is observed that total phenolic content (TPC) and DPPH radical scavenging activity indicated an increase with concentration. TPC and DPPH activity were determined as 256.94 mg GAE / 100mL and 78.05% for 6% of HP microcapsules supplemented samples. As a result of the sensory analysis, ayran samples which supplemented with 4% of HS microcapsule gained the highest scores by the panellists and received more appreciation than the control group. According to sensory analysis, HP4 (ayran produced with 4% HP added microcapsule) sample was determined as the best sample, while the HP6 (Ayran produced with 6% HP added microcapsule) sample had the highest scores in terms of DPPH scavenging activity and TPC results. The overall results of this study revealed that 4% HP supplemented ayran can be produced with its increased health benefits and desirable properties. In this study, the use of H. perforatum microcapsules in ayran, its effect on antioxidant and phenolic components, the usage rates and acceptability of microcapsules were investigated.

This study examined farmers’ level of use of climate change adaptation strategies across selected agro-ecological zones in Nigeria. Edo and Ondo States were selected for the study with three major agro-ecological zones. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used. The correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between year of education and level of use of adaptation strategies (r = 0.15, P = 0.02). The result of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed that significant differences existed in most of the adaptation strategies employed except planting different varieties (F = 1.672, P = 0.190), intercropping (F = 0.646, P = 0.525), crop rotation (F = 2.436, P = 0.090) and migration to different sites (F = 0.661, P = 0.517). The study recommended that the issue of climate change should not be taken lightly by all stakeholders as its effect differs among various agro-ecological zones.

Mushrooms have been used as food and medicinal purposes for centuries. In this study, some edible Ascomycota were collected in 2018 and 2019 from Niğde, Turkey. Molecular identifications of the samples were performed afterward. PCR products were sent for sequence analysis after ITS fragments were amplified with suitable primers concerning DNA isolation of samples. The obtained data were compared with the Genbank database for samples’ determination. The mushroom samples were determined to be Terfezia claveryi Chatin and Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers. Samples were extracted by ethanol and methanol to determine antimicrobial activity using the disc diffusion method. Antimicrobial zones against microorganisms were measured. Then DPPH radical scavenging effects and total phenolic content of T. claveryi and M. esculenta mushroom samples were studied. The highest antimicrobial activity was observed in ethanol extracts of M. esculenta. When the DPPH radical scavenging activities are taken into account, the activity is increased depending on the concentration. The highest DPPH scavenging activity was found in the extract of M. esculenta with 40.86%. It was determined that the total phenolic substances in methanol extracts of mushroom samples varies between 533.28 ± 1,15-537.34 ±2.20 μg GAE / mg extract.

Türkiye, sahip olduğu klimatolojik özellikler sayesinde üzüm yetiştirilmesine uygun bir ülkedir. Türkiye’nin verimli topraklarında bol miktarda üzüm üretilmesine ve bağ alanı bakımından dünyanın önde gelen ülkelerinden biri olmasına rağmen üretilen üzümlerin ancak %11 kadarının şarap üretiminde değerlendirildiği bilinmektedir. Türkiye’de şarap sektörünün her aşamasında karşılaşılan zorlukların, kısaca şarap bilimi olarak tanımlanan önoloji eğitimine de yansıdığı ve şarap konusunda kalifiye eleman yetiştirilen okulların sayıca az olduğu görülmektedir. Oysaki Türkiye’nin bağ alanı ve üzüm üretim miktarı açısından en yakın rakiplerinin yer aldığı Avrupa kıtasında durum oldukça farklıdır. Söz konusu ülkelerde önoloji eğitimi büyük önem arz etmekte ve önoloji eğitimini tamamlayanlara önolog unvanı verilmektedir. İçerik analizi yöntemiyle hazırlanan bu çalışmanın amacı, Avrupa’da verilen önoloji eğitimi ile Türkiye’de verilen önolojiye yönelik eğitimi mukayese ederek Türkiye’deki önoloji eğitimi için bazı öneriler ortaya koymaktır. Yapılan çalışma neticesinde; Türkiye’de önoloji eğitiminin, farklı pek çok gerekçe ile ihmal edilmiş bir eğitim alanı olduğu, lisans, yüksek lisans ve doktora düzeylerinde önoloji eğitimi verilmediği, önlisans düzeyinde ise sadece bir devlet üniversitesinde şarap üretim teknolojisi eğitimi verildiği sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır. Çalışmanın alanyazına, sonraki araştırmacılara, şarap sektörüne ve özellikle şarapla ilgili eğitim veren kurumlara katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Evaluation of soil hydro-physical properties is very important in agriculture and for sustainable management of the land resources. This investigation was conducted to assess some hydro-physical properties of soils in different land use types (LUT) selected (i.e., dry upper land (UD), lowland (LL) and residential area (RA)) at 0-15cm and 15-30cm depths in Bade Local Government Area of Northeastern, Nigeria. Soils were randomly sampled at four points in each LUT and analyzed according to standard soil analysis procedures. Results of the analyses of variance showed that LL had recorded significantly higher clay content, larger soil porosities and high-water retention properties than the other LUT. Soil structural stability index (SSI) and organic carbon (OC) were below optimal range and statistically not different across the land uses. The results also indicated non-significant differences in the hydro-physical properties within the sampling depths. The coefficient of variation (CV) revealed that, slight variation (CV

Bu çalışma, Japon Bıldırcınlarının (Coturnix coturnix japonica) beyaz ve kahverengi iki farklı varyetesinde, bazı zoometrik ölçümler ve canlı ağırlıkların, karşılaştırmalı olarak belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bunun için aynı beslenme ve çevre şartlarında barındırılan, beyaz ve kahverengi varyetelerinden 30'ar (15 erkek, 15 dişi), toplam 60 adet, altı haftalık yaştaki bıldırcında, canlı ağırlıklar ve on iki farklı vücut ölçümüne ait değişkenler değerlendirilmiştir. Altı haftalık yaştaki ortalama canlı ağırlıklar açısından literatür bildirimlerinin birçoğuna göre daha yüksek değerler elde edilmekle birlikte bu çalışmada karşılaştırılan iki renk varyetesi açısından herhangi bir fark görülmezken, dişiler erkeklerden istatistiki olarak anlamlı olacak şekilde daha ağır bulunmuştur. İstatistiki anlamlılıkların elde edildiği zoometrik ölçümlerden kafa genişliği, gaga uzunluğu, gaga genişliği, sternum uzunluğu, bacak uzunluğu ve kanat uzunluğu açısından beyaz bıldırcınlar kahverengi olanlardan daha yüksek değerlere sahip olurken cinsiyete göre ise canlı ağırlık, vücut uzunluğu, göğüs çevresi ve tarsus çevresi değişkenlerinde dişiler daha yüksek değerler almışlardır. Altı haftalık yaştaki Japon bıldırcınlarının canlı ağırlıkları ile kafatası uzunluğu, beden uzunluğu, sternum uzunluğu, orta parmak uzunluğu, kanat uzunluğu, göğüs çevresi ve tarsus çapı değişkenleri arasında pozitif korelasyonlar tespit edilmiştir. Bıldırcın yetiştiriciliğinin yaygınlaşması için tüketiminin artması gerçeği göz önüne alındığında, insanların beslenmede bıldırcınları tercih etmelerini sağlayacak unsurlar üzerinde daha kapsamlı çalışmaların yapılması önerilebilir.

In the present study, the seaweeds belong to Phaeophyaceae (Cystoseira elegans Sauvageau 1912, Cystoseira amentacea (C.Agardh) Bory 1832, Padina crassa Yamada 1931) and Florideophyceae (Corallina elongata J.Ellis & Solander 1786) collected from nearby Iskenderun-Turkey of Mediterranean Sea were detected for their antimicrobial activities against seven bacterial strains (Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, Bacillus cereus NRRL B-371, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028, Proteus vulgaris RSKK 96029). The antimicrobial activities were expressed as minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs). According to the results obtained from MICs and MBCs values of the extracts on pathogenic microorganisms were between 0.78 to 50 mg/mL. The lowest MICs and MBCs values were recorded for C. elegans extract against B. cereus with a MIC value of 0.78 mg/mL. These results suggest that secondary metabolites of brown and red algae are important sources that could be used as broad spectrum of biological and pharmaceutical activities.

Direct Seeded Rice (DSR) is an alternative cultivation technique to the conventional Transplanted Rice (TPR). In this method, seeds are directly sown to the field without the necessity of nursery raising and transplanting. DSR can generally be divided into dry-DSR (sowing dry seeds in dry soil), wet-DSR (sowing pre-germinated seeds in moist soil) and water-seeding (sowing dry or pre-germinated seeds in standing water). This helps in saving water alongside the labour and results in early harvest due to quick crop establishment. DSR is proved to be sustainable and eco-friendly since it emits less methane than in TPR. However, there are few constraints associated with DSR such as weed infestation, crop lodging and nutrient loss. If these major issues are fixed, DSR can result in greater economic returns as compared to TPR. In absence of puddling, the soil structure can be maintained which leads to greater yields of succeeding crops. This technique has been successfully practiced in many countries like Srilanka, Malaysia and USA. In developing nations like Nepal, irrigation and labour constraints can be tackled by adopting direct-seeding for rice cultivation.

The objective of this study was to develop mathematical functions to predict deflection for radial and bias tires. In order to develop the models, the data were obtained from the tire manufacturing companies and organized in Excel first and then transferred to Minitab® for stepwise regression analysis. The variables considered in the study were inflation pressure, load and tire width and overall diameter. Tire width (w) and overall diameter (d) was considered in a multiplication form. The tire deflection models in two different form (linear and non-linear) were developed for both, radial and bias tires. The model selection was achieved by three different criteria and % differences between the measured and predicted data. Based on the results of applying model selection criteria, the models for radial and bias tire in non-linear form were found to be adequate for predicting the tire deflection. The results from the stepwise analysis indicated that the load on tire was the predominant variable in the models and made the highest contribution to the prediction functions. The developed models were verified against to published literature data and found a good agreement.