The need for studies on the nutritional value of plants depends on their composition. The first generation genetically modified Plants (GMPs) have the same composition as their near-isogenic lines. Therefore, they have the same nutritional value, and most of the animal feeding studies have found no significant differences in the production and health parameters of animals that consumed first-generation GMPs in comparison to non-GMPs. Due to the recent production of transgenic plants with specific nutritional properties (second generation GMPs), their use as feed for animals is viewed with skepticism in very many countries. In this critical review, it is concluded that most of these nutritionally improved plants have not shown adverse effects on the performance of various animals compared to their near-isogenic lines and can therefore be considered in the animal feed industry. However, most of the experiments were conducted on laboratory animals. There is a need to conduct them with animals that are mainly consumed by humans, such as ruminants. There is also a need to feed the whole plant to these animals and not just certain parts of the plant to get a clear picture of its overall safety. In addition, there is a need to determine a suitable long-term nutritional and toxicological approach assessment.

This study examined farmers’ level of use of climate change adaptation strategies across selected agro-ecological zones in Nigeria. Edo and Ondo States were selected for the study with three major agro-ecological zones. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used. The correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between year of education and level of use of adaptation strategies (r = 0.15, P = 0.02). The result of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed that significant differences existed in most of the adaptation strategies employed except planting different varieties (F = 1.672, P = 0.190), intercropping (F = 0.646, P = 0.525), crop rotation (F = 2.436, P = 0.090) and migration to different sites (F = 0.661, P = 0.517). The study recommended that the issue of climate change should not be taken lightly by all stakeholders as its effect differs among various agro-ecological zones.

Global climate change is defined as a process that affects all living things and ecosystems globally and is claimed as the most critical problem of the current century. Turkey, which is shown as one of the most affected countries by this process, is among the “countries at risk.” It is stated that the temperature will increase throughout the country until 2100, and this increase may reach 6 ºC. In order to determine the possible effects of global climate change, it is necessary to predict how the climate structure and basic parameters may change. From this point of view, this study is aimed to determine the change of temperature and precipitation, climate types (according to De Martonne, Lang, and Emberger climate classification) which are the most critical climate parameters until 2050 and 2070 in Düzce, one of the important cities of our country. The current situation and possible changes in 2050 and 2070 have been compared using RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. As a result of the study, the temperature, precipitation, and related climate types would change significantly throughout the province of Düzce, and this change will show itself as a significant temperature increase and change in precipitation regime. In addition, a shift in climate types towards continental climate types is predicted until 2070. In order to avoid the destructive effects of global climate change, it is recommended to take measures on a sectoral basis.

Son yıllarda gerek tarımsal ilaçların gerekse kimyasal gübrelerin bilinçsizce kullanımı bitkisel üretimde artışın yanında kalitesiz ve insan sağlığını tehdit edecek ürünlerin ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Söz konusu sorunlara karşı sürdürebilir tarım ve değişik tarım alternatifleri konusunda çalışmalara ihtiyaç olduğu görülmektedir. Bitkilerin farklı tarım uygulamaları altında en yaygın sorununun azot (N) kullanım şekli olduğu görülmektedir. Bitkinin N kullanım etkinliğinde, uygulanan gübrenin N dozu ve formunun önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu amaçla, sera koşullarında artan dozlarda (0 (kontrol), 100, 200, 400 ve 800 mg N kg-1) ve farklı formlarda (mineral, organik) N uygulamalarının buğday bitkisinin büyüme, yeşil aksamda klorofilin bir ifadesi olan SPAD değeri, yeşil aksam kuru madde verimi ve yeşil aksam N konsantrasyonu üzerine etkisi belirlenmiştir. Denemeden elde edilen bulgulara göre, N noksanlığından kaynaklı verim kayıplarının olduğu buna karşılık N uygulamasının söz konusu verim kayıplarının önüne geçtiği saptanmıştır. Azot uygulamasından kaynaklı verim artış oranları üzerine uygulanan N formunun da önemli olabildiği belirlenmiştir. Özellikle mineral gübre uygulamasında verim artış oranlarının %58 ile %87 arasında değiştiği buna karşılık organik kaynaklı gübre uygulamalarının verim değerlerinde kısmen düşüşe neden olduğu görülmüştür. Farklı formlardaki N uygulamaları, bitkinin yeşil aksam kuru madde veriminin aksine yeşil aksam N konsantrasyonunu arttırmıştır. Bu artışlarda, N uygulama dozunun önemli olduğu buna karşılık uygulanan gübre formunun önemli bir farklılık yaratmadığı belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde en etkin N uygulama dozunun 200 mg kg-1 olduğu, bunun dışında N formları içinde bitkinin büyümesinde ve N kullanım etkinliğinde en etkin formun organik kaynaklı gübre olduğu görülmüştür.

Microalgae, also called phytoplankton by biologists, are very small plant-like organisms with a diameter of 1-50 micrometers without roots, stem and leaves. Microalgae, which have hundreds of thousands of species in both fresh waters and seas, form the lowest link of the food chain in aquatic ecosystems. Most species contain chlorophyll, use sunlight as an energy source, and convert carbon dioxide into biomass (biomass). Because of their role in the photosynthesis process, microalgae produce most of the oxygen in the atmosphere. It has a very wide biodiversity and is reported to contain more than 200 thousand species. As a result of genetic analysis, a continuous increase in microalgae species is observed. More than 15 thousand new chemical compounds have been discovered from algae in recent years. It has been observed that most of the bio compounds obtained from microalgae have antiviral effects. However, although extensive research has been done on the antibacterial, antioxidant and antifungal effects of these bioactive compounds, there is limited research on their antiviral effects. In these limited number of studies on the antiviral effects of microagines, it has been reported that some biocompounds isolated from algae may be effective against viruses that are the cause of diseases such as “HIV, SARS and AIDS”. However, the number of researches on viruses that cause today's biggest pandemic, such as coronavirus, of different biocompounds isolated from microalgae, is very small. To date, no vaccine that can be effective against the COVID-19 virus or a drug that can inhibit the reproduction of the virus has not been found. It is thought that micro or macro algae may be one of the most promising natural resources in solving this global health problem. Because Spirulina, which is a microalgae, has antiviral, anticancer, antidiabetic, antibiotic, antioxidant, prebiotic, cardiovascular system protective and antiallergic effects and these positive effects are caused by bioactive compounds found in high content (Rosales-Mendoza et al., 2020a). In this review, especially the antiviral effects of microalgae were tried to be summarized and it was tried to be emphasized that algae could be promising natural resources in the development of new antiviral drugs by our country's scientists.

Bu araştırmada, Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Yozgat Avcılık ve Yaban Hayatı Şube Müdürlüğü Üretim İstasyonunda 1240 metre rakımda yetiştirilen 42 haftalık yaşta olan Beç Tavuklarına (Numidae meleagris) ait 200 adet yumurta kullanılmıştır. Bireysel yumurta ağırlıkları ile birlikte, 5184×3456 piksel boyutunda 72 piksel/inç çözünürlükte görüntüleme yapılmıştır. Elde edilen görüntüler üzerinden ortalama Objektif Alan (16,07 cm2), Çevre (15,82 cm), Dairesellik (0,81), Yükseklik (5,17 cm), Genişlik (4,04 cm), Gri Değeri (82,82), Taban Yarıçapı (2,02 cm), Uzun yarı yüksekliği (2,96 cm), Kısa yarı yükseklik (2,20 cm) değerleri sayısal görüntü analizleri yapılarak belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen veriler üzerinden ortalama Elongasyon (1,28), Şekil İndeksi (78,27) hesaplanmıştır. Bireysel yumurta ağırlıkları kullanılarak ortalama yüzey alanı (55,43 cm2), boy (5,16 cm), en (3,77 cm), elongasyon (1,37), şekil indeksi (73,01), hacim (40,14 cm3), yüzey/hacim oranı (1,38), kabuk ağırlığı (3,17 g), kabuk kalınlığı (0,28 mm), gözenek sayıları (6666,25; 5132,39; 5011,12 adet), gözenek yoğunlukları (120,32; 92,56; 90,31), sarı oranı (14,85), sarı ağırlık (5,95 g), ak ağırlığı (30,75 g), ak oranı (77,21) gibi parametreler hesaplanmıştır. Gri değeri bakımından yumurtalar 90, Şekil indeksi bakımından yumurtalar 79 ve ağırlık bakımından 43 olacak şekilde 3 gruba ayrılmış, her grubun diğer özellikler üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak elde edilen verilerin bilimsel çalışmalarda kullanılabileceği düşünülmektedir.

This study targeted to elucidate the effect of seed aging on germination and emergence rates with and shoot characteristics in wheat cultivars. For this purpose, different bread wheat cultivars stored for 7 years and non-stored were compared for coleoptile length, root mass, shoot mass, root length as well as germination and seedling emergence rates. Here, the evidence suggested that seed storage over a prolonged period affected root and Shoot growth, coleoptile length, seed germination, and seedling emergence rates adversely. By linking germination and emergence rates, the data presented here indicated that a reduction in emergence rate in long-term storage was higher than that in the germination rate. It was also found that there were significant variations among the wheat cultivars about investigated traits during long-term storage. However, the emergence rates of Kate A1 and Flamura 85 were not affected substantially by long-term storage. The study suggested future studies to focus on clarification of the process controlling natural seed aging as such knowledge allows clue the eventual consequences of long-term storage.

Apple cultivation has been done in very large areas around the world. According to FAO, approximately 87.2 million tons of apples were produced in the world in 2019. Turkey has covered 3.6 million tons of this production and ranked third in the world. In this study, the two major apple production areas for Turkey, Isparta and Karaman annual operating results of the province apples' farms, were evaluated. Data acquired by interviewing from 132 farms selected with the stratified random sampling method constituted the study's primary material. Classical economic analysis approaches were used in determining the annual operating results of the farms. The farms' financial and economic profitability rates were 8.82% and 7.78% in Isparta province, respectively, while 7.25% and 6.15% in Karaman province. The research results showed that apple farms did not have rational capital distribution, their agricultural incomes were low, and their income varied by province.

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, the bacterial agent for tomato speck disease, can cause serious epidemics with high leaf moisture, mild temperatures, and cultural practices allowing bacterial dissemination among host plants. Boron is an essential micro-nutrient for plant growth and health in agricultural production. In this study, the effectiveness of 14 different Boron compounds at 5 different doses (1, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mM) against P. s. pv. tomato at a concentration of 108 CFU ml-1 in vitro was evaluated and the most successful 4 different Boron compounds (Ammonium tetrafluoroborate, Sodium tetrafluoroborate, Zinc borate and Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate) were coated with 5 mM doses infected cv. H2274 tomato seeds to determine bacterial populations and seed emergence rates in the seeds. Among the 14 different Boron compounds used in the experiments, Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate was the most successful active ingredient 92% ratio in inhibiting P. s. pv. tomato populations in tomato seeds, while 39% success was achieved with sodium tetrafluoroborate applications. According to the results of the research, it is thought that some Boron compounds can be an economical, effective and environmentally friendly chemical in reducing P. s. pv. tomato in tomato seeds within the scope of good agricultural practices.

This study was conducted with the aim of determining the influence of tillage techniques on depth, furrow slice and water retention in Maugo Smallholder Rice Scheme in Kenya. Treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design with four replicates. Four tillage treatments were used. The first one was conventional ox plough practiced by farmers where they first flood the field with water before ploughing. The other three treatments were ox plough, hand hoe and tractor ploughing all with no flooding before ploughing. Data collected included depth of ploughing and harrowing during land preparation. Furrow slices during ploughing and harrowing as well as water retention were recorded. Tractor ploughing had the highest mean depth of ploughing of 42.00 ± 0.81 cm followed by conventional ox ploughing with 17.75 ± 0.75 cm, ox ploughing15.75 ± 0.62 cm and hand hoe ploughing had the lowest mean depth 15.50 ± 0.28 cm. Tractor ploughing had the largest mean furrow size of 62.00 ± 0.91cm followed by conventional ox ploughing 32.25 ± 0.85 cm, ox ploughing 30.25 ± 0.85 cm while hand hoe ploughing had the smallest mean furrow slice of 16.5 ± 0.50 cm. Highest mean of retained water was recorded in week 4 in paddy rice fields prepared using conventional ox ploughing (10.5 cm), ox ploughing (10 cm), hand hoe ploughing (11.5 cm) and tractor ploughing (11.5 cm) while the lowest was recorded in week 15 for conventional plots. There were significant differences in mean depths during both ploughing and harrowing. Tractor ploughing mean depths were significantly different from the other treatments. The weekly mean water depths retained in the plots were more than 6 cm for the entire growing period of rice.