Agronomic practices for the newly released shallot variety have not been conducted in Eastern Ethiopia. To assess the effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates and intra-row spacing, a field experiment was conducted in 2017 which consisted of seven rates of nitrogen (0, 25, 50, 75,100,125 and 150 kg N ha-1) and three intra-row spacing (7.5, 10 and 12.5 cm) in factorial combination and it was laid out in a RCBD with three replications. Results of the analysis revealed that all bulb yield and yield components of the variety were highly significantly influenced by the main effects of nitrogen fertilizer and intra-row spacing. Moreover, the interaction of nitrogen fertilizer and intra-row spacing significantly influenced days to maturity, plant height, and average bulb weight and bulb dry matter. The application of 125 kg N ha-1gave high total and marketable bulb yield advantage of 32.45% (13.89 t ha-1) and 40.8% (15.47 t ha-1), respectively over the control. Plants spaced at 7.5 cm had total and marketable bulb yield advantage of 35.94% (14.54 t ha-1) and 32.83% (12.42 t ha-1), respectively over plants spaced at 12.5 cm. Therefore, intra-row spacing of 7.5 cm with the application of 125 kg N ha-1 is used for optimum yield in the study area although further research should be needed to come up with conclusive recommendation.

In this study, tetracycline and streptomycin group antibiotic residues were investigated in packaged and open sold honey. For this purpose, a total of 60 honey samples, which were 30 of each were used as material. Honey samples were taken from various sales places located in Sivas province. ELISA method was used for the analysis and commercial test kits were used. According to the analysis results; tetracycline was found in 73.3% (22 samples) of the packaged honey and streptomycin was found in all samples. Tetracycline and streptomycin were determined as positive in open honeys were respectively 60% (18 samples) and 93.3% (28 samples). Tetracycline levels were between 0.12-371.43 ppb (mean 13.91 ± 12.33) in packaged honey and 0.02-13.32 ppb (mean 1.75 ± 0.5) in open honeys. Streptomycin levels were 1.30-250.2 ppb (mean 25.8 ± 10.8) in packaged honey and 0.19-22.71 ppb (mean 8.21 ± 5.2) in open honeys. Antibiotic residue was not found in one sample of open honeys. The findings suggest that, although illegal, some medicines are used in beekeeping or that bees are exposed to antibiotics that are added to the feed or water of other animals. These findings pose a potential risk to the consumer.

This study was conducted in two locations have different altitudes in the cities which have different climates as Ankara, Ordu, Erzurum, Mersin. The purpose of this work was to define some physiological properties of the bees such as the survivability of colony, wintering ability, usage of stoked honey and to discuss all these data. This study lasted two years and the second year was the continuation of the first year. At the beginning of the year, colonies which has the same genotype were equalized as number of combs covered with bees, stocked honey and brood areas and so on. According to the data analysis, it was obtained that the quantity of the stocked honey was not statistically significant by the region×altitude×year interaction. However, year×region and region×altitude interactions were statistically significant. Similarly, it was obtained that the wintering ability was not statistically significant by the region×altitude×year interaction. The only year×region interaction was statistically significant. Also, descriptive statistics obtained for the survivability of the colonies (%) during the first and second year was added statistically to this application. As a result, this work showed that migratory beekeepers could reevaluate the regions which have the microclimate properties in Aegean, Mediterranean, and the Black Sea. And new research should be made by adding different species of honeybees for the performance of overwintering in different climates.

Although the milk’s predominant microflora consists of lactic acid bacteria, it is probable that pathogenic bacteria such as Listeria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Salmonella are also present. Due to the fact that milk contains components with high nutritional value and therefore suitable for the growth of microorganisms, the microorganism populations in the milk can reach to the numbers that can threat human health in a short time. Therefore, it is very important to ensure the microbial safety of the milk before it is consumed. Microfiltration, one of the techniques that can be used for this purpose, physically separates the microorganisms from the milk by passing the milk through the membranes having pores with certain diameters by the effect of pressure. Studies on the microorganism load of milk that microfiltration is used showed that the number of microorganisms in milk generally decreases depending on the working conditions such as pore diameters of the membranes, the initial microorganism load of milk, temperature and pressure. The membranes used in microfiltration technique are chosen according to the purpose. It is known that membranes with a pore diameter of 1,4 µm cause a pasteurization effect and membranes with a pore diameter of 0,2 µm cause a sterilization effect. Therefore, the choice of suitable membrane is very important for microfiltration application. Several studies have been done on the effect of microfiltration on extension of shelf life in drinking milk, the removal of bacterial spores which can withstand high temperatures and can cause milk deterioration of milk, the production of dairy products like cheese without damaging the natural components of milk. These researches are important in terms of providing information on a technique that allows the removal of pathogen microorganisms which cause a risk for public health and can cause food poisoning in case of consumption of raw milk and raw milk cheeses, without any change in the natural structure of milk.

The aim of this study is to determine the effects of adding different levels (0, 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg) of orange peel oil to the laying quail diets on performance, eggshell quality and some serum parameters. During the experiment, a total of 120 female Japanese quails at the age of 20 weeks were randomly distributed to 6 treatment groups with 4 replicates, each with 5 quail, for six weeks. The supplementation of different levels orange peel oil to the diets did not affect the performance and eggshell quality parameters, except for eggshell thickness. Eggshell thickness was significantly reduced with the addition of orange peel oil to the diet, and this decrease was more pronounced at the level of 200 mg / kg. Serum glucose, creatinine, albumin, globulin, total protein, ALT and AST concentrations were not affected by orange peel oil. Serum cholesterol concentration considerably declined with the supplementation of 400 mg / kg orange peel oil to the diet. Serum calcium level significantly improved with the addition of 100 and 200 mg / kg orange peel oil to the diet compared to the control group. Additionally, serum phosphorus concentration was considerably increased by 100 mg / kg and more levels orange peel oil. According to these results, it is possible to say that the orange essential oil has the effect of reducing cholesterol at 400 mg / kg and improving mineral metabolism at 100 mg / kg, but this positive effect could not prevent the decrease in eggshell thickness.

Pulsed UV light application has been a method used frequently in ensuring food safety recently. UV treatment is used in many areas including the food industry through UV treatment and high inactivation power. Pulsed UV light, which is an effective microbial inactivation method that takes place in a shorter time in solid and liquid foods, as it is accepted as an alternative to continuous UV light application, is a promising alternative to both chemical and thermal decontamination methods in the food industry. In this study, pulsed UV light was applied on ready-to-consumption packaged turkey salami samples. In order to ensure food safety and reduce consumer anxiety, the effect of pulsed UV light application of different time and distance on turkey salami slices contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes in equal thickness in order to use UV light was investigated. The effect of pulsed UV application on the microbial inactivation efficiency of the salami surface and the quality of the salami were evaluated. In pulsed UV light system, 3 different distances of quartz glass to samples will be 5-8-13 cm and sliced salami in 3 different periods of 15-30-60 sec. The results of the study showed that pulsed UV light method could be used effectively in inactivation against L. monocytogenes on the salami surface as an alternative to thermal and chemical methods. It was determined that L. monocytogenes inactivation increased as the distance to the quartz lamp decreased and the application time and total energy dose increased. The highest inactivation was obtained after 5 cm 60 sec pulsed UV light treatment.

In this study, the effects of four different color plastic greenhouse treatments on nutrient concentrations of leaf and fruit, leaf SPAD (Soil and Plant Analyzer Development) values and some yield parameters of tomato were tried to be determined. For this purpose, plastic greenhouses with Red (RedG), Blue (BlueG), Colorless (ConG) and white Led (LedG) lighting have been used as materials in the research. The used plastic greenhouses are 3 m in width, 6 m in length, 2 m in sidewall height and 2.8 m in roof ridge height. Led lighting is; Three hours of extra lighting is planned for one hour before sunrise, 2 hours after sunset. The research was carried out in ISUBU (Isparta), Faculty of Agriculture, field area in the summer season in 2019. The nutrient elements of K, Ca, Mg, P, Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe were determined in the leaf and of the tomato plant. It has been determined that four different greenhouse treatments have a positive effect on K, Ca, Cu, Zn, Fe nutrients in leaf, and K, Ca, P, Mg nutrient in fruit. In terms of SPAD values, all treatments were determined to be higher than the control treatment. It was determined that the highest SPAD value was in BlueG treatment. When the efficiency-related values are examined; It was determined that the highest fruit number, fruit weight and yield were in BlueG treatment. BlueG treatment was followed by RedG, ConG, and LedG treatment respectively in terms of efficiency. As a result, considering the effects of four different greenhouse treatments on macro and micronutrient nutritions SPAD values, and yield values, it was concluded that the most suitable treatments for tomato cultivation in greenhouses is BlueG treatment and RedG treatment should not be ignored.

Both industrial and academic fields, 3-dimensional (3D) printing of food materials is one of the most interesting subjects. Taking attention with its errorless product handling, easy adaptation for personalized nutrition and sustainable properties, 3D printing of foods is also having a potential in the field of health and nutritious products. In this review, potential connection between meat products, personalized nutrition and 3D printing were mentioned briefly. After that, basic working principles of 3D printers and applicability for meat products were explained. Assessment of meat process waste, advantages and limitations, concept of printability and studies in this field were explained and discussed in details.

Irrigation scheduling is important for efficient use of applied water and for maximizing crop yields. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term effect of drip irrigation frequency on soil hydro-physical properties of an Alfisol and performance of two maize varieties, at the Teaching and Research Farm, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Southwest Nigeria. The experiment was laid out using a split-plot experiment in randomized complete block design (RCBD) and three replications. Irrigation frequency constituted the main plot namely: irrigation four times a week (I4), irrigation thrice a week (I3), and irrigation twice a week (I2) of re-filling soil to field capacity while the subplot was maize variety namely: V1: SAMMAZ-27 and V2: OBA-super-6. Plant growth parameters and soil physical properties of soil water content (SWC), bulk density (BD) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) were monitored during the growing cycle. Water use efficiency (WUE) and yield components were determined at maturity. There were significant interactions between irrigation regime and maize variety on SWC and Ksat. The maximum bulk density (BDmax) and optimum soil water content SWCopt were 1.41 g/cm3 and 0.12 g/g, respectively. Plant height (PH) did not differ between the two maize varieties throughout the growth cycle. Drip irrigation frequency did not significantly affect plant height until growth stage V12 (12 fully opened leaves), with I4 irrigation treatment having the tallest plant. Both drip irrigation and maize variety had no significant influence on both LAI and CC, neither was there any significant interaction effect. Increasing irrigation water increased maize yield and yield components. The treatment combination of I4V1 had the highest performance indices in terms of yield components. WUE decreased with increasing frequency of irrigation water application while the WUE of SAMMAZ-27 > OBA-super-6. Therefore, irrigating four times a week and SAMAZ-27 maize variety could be a suitable irrigation-variety combination for providing sustainable irrigation agriculture for maize in this region.

The aim of this research was to determine the structural characteristics of the grapevine sapling producing enterprises and to reveal the problems. The main material of study are data were obtained from questionnaire study. In the study, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 12 enterprises which are members of Sapling Producers Sub-Union (SPSU). During the research period, there were 33 SPSU members, but the majority of these enterprises were small-sized and engaged in the purchase and sale without production. In the research, it was tried to be interviewed with all of the large capacity, both production and sales, and 12 of 33 enterprises were interviewed. The interviewed enterprises hold a large part of the grapevine sapling market. The obtained data were evaluated and interpreted by means of percentage distribution tables, average, maximum and minimum calculations. According to the results of the research, enterprises have been producing grapevine saplings on average at the commercial level for 12 years. All of the interviewed enterprises produce bare-rooted saplings. In addition, potted (58.33%) and American grapevine (25%) saplings also are produced. Grafted sapling yield rates of enterprises have been determined as 45% in own root saplings and 72% in potted sapling. 67% of the producers reported that they have problems in sapling marketing and carrying and storing saplings is a significant problem at this stage. The producers demanded that measures to prevent the informal production from authorities.