Buffaloes were screened for theileriosis by routine microscopic examination and also subjected for characterisation by PCR technique. Blood samples were collected from lactating buffaloes in post partum period from endemic areas of Athagarh block of Cuttack district, Odisha, India. Genomic DNA of Theileria piroplasm was isolated and genus specific primers were used for amplification of small subunit ribosomal RNA sequences. The amplified PCR products of Theileria spp. were sequenced. Out of 86 cases examined, 21 and 31 samples were found positive by Giemsa stained blood smear method and PCR technique respectively. The PCR product was sequenced and analysed for homology. The identified nucleotide sequence had close sequence homology with Theileria orientalis and Theileria buffeli. These findings also support the fact that 18S small subunit rRNA gene is hyper variable among the species. The nucleotide sequence was submitted to NCBI and a new accession number (MN262069) was assigned.

Tropical theileriosis poses major threat for buffaloes causing significant economical loss to livestock farmers. Early detection and prompt treatment helps to minimise mortality and economical loss. This study was conducted on 79 female buffaloes presented with the signs suggestive of theileriosis. Evaluation of PCR for detection and buparvaquone for efficacy was undertaken. Overall prevalence of T. annulata infection recorded was 22.78 percent by PCR. Adult buffaloes showed higher prevalence (13.92 percent) compared to young buffaloes (8.86 percent). Blood smear examination revealed 38.89 percent sensitivity in detection of Theileria piroplasms. Haematological observations showed significant decreased values of Hb, TEC, PCV and TLC. Neutropenia, monocytopenia, eosinopenia and lymphocytosis were recorded. Buparvaquone was 100 percent effective in complete elimination of T.annulata in infected buffaloes.