Congenital apocrine gland adenoma of tail on ventral aspect in between 2nd and 6th coccygeal vertebrae is reported in an infant buffalo calf. The histological findings are also discussed.

This communication reports a case of dystocia due to homozygotic twins suffering from ascites in a primiparous buffalo. Both the dead female fetuses were delivered successfully one by one by manual traction. The dam recovered eventfully without any post obstetrical complications.

A seven years old, ten months pregnant she-buffalo weighing 401 kg was presented to TVCC, COVAS, Udgir with a history of dysphagia, repeated regurgitation and swelling at ventral cervical region since the day before the animal was admitted to the clinic. The animal was suspected for oesophageal obstruction. Endoscopy done by naso-gastric route and X Ray showed oesophageal obstruction with a foreign body situated 100 cm distal from the nasal opening. The animal was cast in right lateral recumbency. The site of incision was shaved, cleaned and scrubbed using liq. 5 percent providine iodine and surgical spirit. The animal was sedated using Xylazine*. Linear infiltration was done using 2 percent lignocaine hydrochloride. A linear incision was taken at the surgical site. The overlying muscles were dissected and the esophagus was exposed. An oesophageal incision of sufficient length was taken and an impacted leather mass was removed. The oesophageal mucosa was closed with simple interrupted suture. Submucosa and muscularis part of esophagus were closed with simple continues manner. The muscles and skin were sutured with simple interrupted sutures. The animal was maintained only on fluid therapy for first 3 days. The day after surgery, the animal was seen lying prostrate with lateral deviation of neck and showing slight vaginal prolapse. The blood sample was analyzed for serum Ca level which revealed a level of 3.9 mg percent indicating severe hypocalcaemia. Calcium therapy was initiated. The animal assumed a standing posture. A day later, the animal delivered a normal female fetus. Three days later serum Ca level was re-estimated to be 8.5 mg percent. The animal resumed normal feeding and rumination after which the animal was given discharge. Sutures were removed after 15 days post operatively. Female buffalo calf and mother buffalo are healthy.

This study was conducted to assess the therapeutic efficiency of antioxidant in subclinical mastitis. Therapeutic trials were conducted in twelve buffaloes affected with subclinical mastitis and were randomly divided into two groups. The buffaloes of Group 1 were treated with intramuscular injection of Inj. Mofoi 5 mg/kg body weight, while Group 2 buffaloes were treated with intramuscular administration of Inj. Mofoi 5 mg/kg body weight along with antioxidant powder orally. The therapeutic efficacy was assessed based on bacteriological cure and the pre and post therapeutic values of somatic cell count, electrical resistance, pH and milk yield. The use of antioxidant along with Moxifloxacin was found to be superior than antibiotic alone by improving udder's natural defence mechanism, early restoration of milk yield and quick recovery.

Present experiment was conducted on sixty Murrah buffalo divided into three groups: lactating, involution stage/dry and pregnant stage (non-lactating early pregnant stage, non-lactating mid pregnant stage and non-lactating late pregnant stage). Most of the alveoli were spherical to oval elongated in shape. In lactating stage, only small and medium sized alveoli were present. In involuting stage due to degeneration and inactiveness only small alveoli were recorded. In non-lactating late pregnant stage most of the alveoli were large sized. A highly significant statistical difference was noted among different stages of lactation in the diameter of alveoli. The active alveoli were lined by cuboidal epithelium to low cuboidal epithelium, while resting alveoli were lined by squamous epithelium with dark nuclei. The number of resting alveoli were found increased with the advancement of lactation. Up to two months of involution most of the alveoli were degenerative. A highly significant statistical difference was noted in the height of alveolar epithelium in different stages of lactation.

Flexor tendons of forelimb play a major role in the locomotion of the animal and also in bearing 45 percent of the body wieght, thus making these tendons prone to several injuries. Current investigation was carried in three post-natal age groups of buffalo bulls to elucidate gross morphological and morphometrical features of superficial (SDFT) and deep (DDFT) digital flexor tendons of forelimb. Morphological studies revealed that they are shiny white fibrous structures bound by tough, durable fibrous sheath the 'flexor retinaculum' on palmar aspect of manus in all three groups (G) i.e., 1 to 3 years (G I), 3 to 6 years (G II) and 6 years and above (G III). SDFT in cross sections at myo-tendinous junction was flat elliptical shaped in G I and G II whereas it was oval in G III specimens. At mid metacarpal region the SDFT was dorso-ventrally compressed and ring-shaped in digital region. Thickness increased in aged specimens at their origin, mid metacarpus and at insertion points. Lengths of the two slips of SDFT in buffalo gradually increased from inter digital space up to their insertion points from G I to G III. Cross sectional profile of DDFT in mid metacarpus was flat elliptical in outline in all groups. Thickness of the tendon steadily increased with age from G I to III. Length of DDFT from origin to its division and from division to insertion steadily increased.

Fascioliasis causes huge economic losses in livestock industry by reducing the growth, fertility rate, meat and milk yield. In the present study, somatic antigens isolated from Fasciola gigantica were assessed for the early detection of infection by developing antibody detection enzyme immunoassay. The somatic antigens extracted from adult F. gigantica worms was separated on SDS-PAGE and immunogenicity was determined by Western blot (WB). The results showed polypeptides bands between 15 to 95 kDa, and most prominent bands were 15, 28, 36, 38, 55, 72 and 95 kDa polypeptides. The WB revealed a single polypeptide of size between 36 to 55 kDa as antigenic. The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA test established for 36 to 55 kDa somatic antigens was 95.45 percent (95 percent CI: 77.16 percent to 99.88 percent) and 87.1 percent (95 percent CI: 70.17 percent to 96.37 percent), respectively. Kappa value revealed that the strength of agreement is considered to be very 'good'. In house established ELISA was implemented in the field and 12.1 percent (31/256) large ruminants were found positive, while 4.68 percent (12/256) with postmortem examination. The fasciolosis did not show significant (P GT 0.05) association with host type, breed and age groups, while significant (P LT 0.01) association with host sexes. The result confirmed that in-house established ELISA test had good value for serodiagnosis of fasciolosis in cattle and buffaloes for large scale epidemiological studies.

The study aimed to analyze the adoption of 22 technologies on dairy buffalo production in selected sites in the Philippines. A total of 666 farmer-informants who were previously exposed to training and other extension support services on dairy buffalo production were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaire. Dichotomous (yes or no) frequency and percentage responses along five stages, i.e., 'awareness', 'interest', 'evaluation', 'trial', and 'adoption' were transformed to sigma (Z) scores for adoption. Frequency responses for 'number of years of adoption' were likewise transformed to sigma scores. The two sigma scores were added to get the total adoption scores for each technology. The total or combined adoption scores (dependent variable) for all technologies were then tested for linear correlation and multiple regression with selected socio-economic traits, farm characteristics, and other independent variables. Most of the farmer-informants had at least 75 percent adoption rate in animal health care, improved forage feeding, estrus detection, and feeding of calves with colostrum. Multiple regression analysis indicates that attribution scores, years of experience in dairying, technical assistance, animal inventory, distance of the farm from a buffalo R and D institution, access to information materials and income from dairying positively and significantly influenced adoption scores. To increase adoption, improving the attribution by farmers to technologies as regards their relative advantage, compatibility with existing farm operations, trialability, and simplicity should be given priority consideration in designing and implementing extension delivery systems since it is the most powerful predictor variable to adoption.

Systematic studies on expression and characterization of toll like receptors (TLRs) in buffalo and cattle will help to understand the innate immune response specific to each species of animals. TLR4 gene is one of the most studied innate immune receptors which is mainly triggered by lipopolysaccharide. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the mRNA expression and sequence analysis of TLR4 in buffalo in comparison to that of cattle. In vitro expression of TLR4 was assessed by challenging the Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) with bacterial LPS which showed significant increase of TLR4 gene expression (P LT= 0.01) in buffaloes when compared to cattle. Further the comparison of mRNA sequence of TLR4 of buffalo and cattle revealed 96 percent similarity with the cattle sequence. The primary structure of protein showed the highest percent of leucine amino acid for both the species of animals. At the same time, the number of Leucine Rich repeats (LRR) of buffalo is varied from those present in cattle TLR4. Alpha helix is the prominent secondary structure, however, there were few amino acid variations between buffalo and cattle in certain regions of TLR4 which altered the three dimensional conformation of TLR4 proteins, this in-turn possibly can influence the binding affinity and interaction with pathogens which may influence the difference in immune response in buffalo when compared to that of cattle.

The liver was located in the cranial part of the abdomen, immediately behind the diaphragm, entirely to the righty of the median plane, situated in an oblique downwards and forwards. The liver was consisted of two surfaces and four borders. The parietal surface was irregularly convex having falciform and coronary ligaments, which were attached to the diaphragm. The visceral surface was irregularly concave, which consisted an upper and large omasal impression, lower and narrow reticular impression, and abomasal impression was present in the right ventral area. The lesser omentum was extended from the esophageal notch to the portal fissure. The dorsal border was short and thick having deep renal impression on caudal lobe. Ventral border was short, thin and convex. The lateral border was thin and median border was thick to which esophageal notch was present.