Paratuberculosis (PTB) in buffaloes is a chronic enteric disease triggering health implications and huge economic losses in livestock. This study was designed to explore a simple, cost-effective diagnostic approach for PTB in water buffaloes. Blood (5 ml/animal) and intestinal tissue samples accompanied by lymph nodes associated with mesentery were collected from weak and diarrhoeac animals slaughtered at local abattoirs. Out of total n=771 clinically suspected animals, only n=53 carcasses were sampled based on gross observation. Tissue smears of the gut mucosae were obtained and were made adopting special staining protocol. Tissue samples were processed by paraffin sectioning and stained with Ziehl-Neelsen and Hematoxylin-Eosin staining methods. Acid-fast bacilli were observed only in 11/53 cases on mucosal tissue smears. Pressure atrophy of small intestine villi were evident, and the mucosae were found sloughed off. The submucosae were heavily infiltrated with mononuclear cells and multifocal cellular nodules dominated by epithelioid macrophages. The foamy cytoplasm of the macrophages appeared to be engorged with acid fast bacilli and depicted the positive cases. All tissue sections of the suspected samples showed 100 percent +ve results while only 20.8 percent samples were found +ve with smear method. All histo-pathologically positive cases were further confirmed by ELISA based serological analysis. Therefore, it was concluded that histopathology is an economical and yet the most trusted tool for diagnosing bubalian PTB in countries like Pakistan.

The objectives of this study was to select nonlinear regression model of relationship between body parameters and live weight of swamp buffaloes for live weight estimation. The animals of Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture at Kampaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus were used in this study. A total of 172 animals were 41 male and 131 female 0 to 25 months old of swamp buffaloes. Parameters of body measurements were shoulder height (SH), hip height (HH), shoulder width (SW), hip width (HW), body length (BL) and hearth girth (HG) were measured in centimeters during weighting. Three of nonlinear regression models including exponential, polynomial quadratic and power models were analyzed relationship between body parameters and live weight in each body parameter. The results revealed that power model gave the best fit model of HG and live weight relationship with highest R sup(2) (0.9662, 0.9748 and 0.9702) in male, female and both sex of swamp buffaloes, respectively. In addition, percentage error and accuracy of 3 models were investigated between HG and live weight of swamp buffaloes (n=492). The result revealed that polynomial quadratic model showed highly accuracy (98.92 percent) between actual live weight and calculated weight from the equation of y = 0.0233x**(2) -2.9263x+129.81 with R sup(2) value of 0.9678, when y = estimated live weight (kg), x = heart girth (cm). In conclusion, this model provides a highly reliable and accurate method for estimating weights of swamp buffaloes using a single heart girth measurement which can be easily obtained with a girth tape in the field work.

The thrust of the present study was to explore the export potential of buffalo meat in India. India, the top buffalo meat producer in the world, is placed at fourth rank as buffalo meat exporter. During 2017 to 2018, Vietnam, Malaysia, Egypt, Iraq and Saudi Arabia are the five major destinations accounting for nearly 79 percent of the country's buffalo meat shipments, out of which Vietnam alone cornered 57 percent. India's current global supremacy in the buffalo meat production can only be translated into supremacy in exports as well, if stringent policy initiatives are put in place to promote export-oriented quality controlled production and processing.

The study was conducted to maintain the leanness of meat while processing by substituting added fat with skim milk powder (SMP) without breaching quality attributes. Four treatments viz. control: 20 percent fat, T-1: sausages with 3 percent SMP, T-2: sausages with 6 percent SMP, T-3: sausages with 9 percent SMP, were tried to develop low-fat sausages. Water holding capacity and emulsion stability of T-3 were higher (P LT 0.05) amongst all, but could not pass sensory acceptability, however all attributes of T-1 and T-2 were higher than control, but comparable to each other. Thus T-1 was selected for further quality evaluation and compared with high fat products. The cooking yield, pH, protein content, oxidative stability along with sensory attributes of selected products (low-fat) were significantly (P LT 0.05) higher, however, vice-versa was true for shear press value and fat and did not affect textural properties. The results concluded that SMP (3 percent) incorporation could be a way to substitute fat while processing of meat giving 42 percent lower calorie content.

Thirty-six healthy Tarai buffaloes (280-350+-10 kg body weight, 2nd to 4th parity) were selected to investigate their milk composition. The selected animals were divided into four groups having nine buffaloes in each group as, each group from early, mid and late lactation and another group of dry buffaloes. The study carried out in four seasons and climatic variants of temperature and relative humidity were recorded for each month where temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated. Results of milk composition with advancing in lactation stage showed significantly (P LT 0.05) higher values for milk fat, urea and total solids. In season-wise, milk constituents of fat, protein and total solids were found significantly (P LT 0.05) higher during winter season except higher milk urea in summer season. Other milk constituents include lactose, SNF and pH were remain unaffected throughout the lactation period and seasons. Milk somatic cell count (SCC) is affected by both lactation period and seasons but the variations stood non-significant. Calculated THI in tarai region was found higher (79 LT THI LT 84) during summer and rainy seasons. It may be concluded that Tarai buffalo performances are affected by seasonal variations and lactation period as indicated in milk composition variations. Thus, Tarai buffalo could perform better if improvement in their management system of housing and feeding of quality nutrients.

Mastitis is common in buffaloes with significant impact on the rural economy. The present work was undertaken to find out the prevalence of sub clinical mastitis in buffaloes in and around Gannavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India by using different diagnostic methods. The prevalence of sub clinical mastitis based on California Mastitis Test, somatic cell count, electrical resistance and milk pH was 20.34, 21.62, 6.20 and 8.27 percent, respectively on screening of 629 quarters of 158 Graded Murrah buffaloes. Bacterial culture was considered to be a gold standard and revealed the prevalence as 28.30 percent with 178 quarter milk samples positive for bacterial growth. Further the study was also focussed on the comparison of the diagnostic tests CMT, SCC, ER and pH by using culture results as gold standard. The percent accuracy of California Mastitis Test, Somatic cell count, electrical resistance and pH were 89.83, 92.69, 77.27 and 79.65, respectively.

The present study was conducted to study the antibiogram pattern with special reference to multi drug resistant S. aureus in buffaloes of eastern plain zone of Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 200 milk samples were collected from the buffaloes of Sultanpur and Faizabad district of U.P. and processed for isolation of Staphylococcus aureus. S. aureus was successfully isolated from 140 milk samples using Mannitol Salt Agar. Out of 140 isolates none of the S. aureus isolates from mastitic milk were 100 percent sensitive to any antibiotic. Multi Drug Resistance was observed in 100 percent buffaloes of eastern plain zone for atleast 2 drugs. Highest 133 isolates (95 percent) were resistant to Cefotaxime, 120 isolates (85.72 percent) were resistant to Ampicillin, 113 isolates (80.72 percent) were resistant to Ceftazidime-Tazobactam, 27 isolates (18.58 percent) showed resistance against Gentamicin and Methicillin, 33 isolates (23.58 percent) showed resistance against Cloxacillin followed by Tetracycline where 20 isolates (14.28 percent) showed only resistance. Least resistance (33 isolates, 9.29 percent) was exhibited for cloxacillin, that proved to be the most effective antibiotic. Among the 140 S. aureus isolated from mastitic milk, 27 isolates (19.28 percent) exhibited resistance against 2 antibiotics, 20 (14.28 percent) isolates were resistance to 3 antibiotics, 33 isolates (23.58 percent) were resistant to 4 antibiotics. 40 (28.57 percent) isolates were resistant to 5 antibiotics. Seven (5 percent) isolates each were resistant to 6 and 7 antibiotics. 6 isolates (4.28 percent) were resistant to maximum 8 antibiotics On antibiogram mapping it was found that, the most effective antibiotic against S. aureus in this region in subclinical mastitis was Ofloxacin followed by Tetracycline, Methicillin and Gentamicin.

This study was undertaken to investigate the effectiveness of polypropylene mesh (PPM) for the repair of external abdominal hernias in buffaloes. PPM was used for the repair of external abdominal hernias in ten Jaffarabadi buffaloes having mean weight of 388.5 kg and mean hernial ring size of 117.279 cm2. Clinical, hematological, biochemical and erythrocytic antioxidants parameters were evaluated before and on post-implantation days 7 and 15 to assess efficacy of the repair. With the exception of one case, healing was uneventful. Hematological, biochemical and erythrocytic antioxidants findings were unremarkable. Polypropylene mesh shows excellent repair efficiency for external abdominal hernia repair in buffaloes without serious complications.

In order to evaluate and compare the properties of type traits in Khuzestani and Azeri river buffaloes, 148 and 336 Khuzestani and Azeri buffaloes were used, respectively. Animals were evaluated for traits such as Height at Withers, Body depth, Body length, Heart girth, Hip width, Pin width and Hip to Pin length. The averages for these traits in Khuzestani breed were 145.2+-6.63, 78.27+-5.43, 140.5+-10.05, 208.87+-13.75, 57+-4.44, 25.29+-3.03 and 44+-2.97 cm and in Azeri breed were 138.93+-6.39, 76.4+-5.61, 136.22+-10.05, 184+-13.66, 54.96+-4.85, 26.43+-3.94 and 43.8+-3.44 cm, respectively. The effect of breed on height at withers, heart girth and hip width was quite significant (P LT 0.001) and values for these traits in Khuzestani breed was higher than Azeri. The effect of parity number for all studied traits was significant (P LT 0.001), except for the heart girth. Heifers had the lowest values among different age groups and differences in this group increased with increasing age and parity. Also, the effects of province as a factor for climate and culture circumstances on studied traits was quite significant (P LT 0.001), except for the heart girth and hip to Pin length. Buffaloes in Guilan province had lowest and buffaloes in Khuzestan and Kermanshah provinces had the highest values.

The present study was designed to investigate the incidence of retention of fetal membranes (RFM) on 605 buffaloes at 2nd to 5th calving with normal calving, premature birth and abortion. The normally calved buffaloes with retention of fetal membranes (after 12 h) were randomly classified in treatment (n = 6) and control (n = 6) groups. The buffaloes in treatment group were administered Dinoprost (PGF2 alpha analogue, 25 mg), Meloxicam (anti-inflammatory drug 0.5 mg/kg body weight,), Oxytetracycline (Broadspectrum antibiotics, 5 mg/kg body weight) intramuscularly and intravenous calcium therapy (Calcium gluconate, 1.86 percent w/v, Magnesium hypophosphite, 5 percent w/v, Dextrose anhydrous, 20 percent w/v, Chlorocresol 0.1 percent w/v, 450 ml) after 12 after calving. The incidence of retention of fetal membranes in buffaloes was 9.98 percent, 34.61 percent and 46.87 percent in normal calving, premature birth and abortion, respectively. The overall incidence of RFM was 14.04 percent. There was significant rise in the level of calcium (P LT 0.01), phosphorus (P LT 0.05) and magnesium (P LT 0.05) on day 30 and day 45 in treatment than control group. However, there was no significant difference observed in level of glucose, NEFA and progesterone between treatment and control group on day 0, 30 and 45. RFM is considered as one of the major problem with higher incidence in premature birth and abortions by ultimately affecting the reproductive efficiency in buffaloes.