The objectives of this study was to compare morphological characteristics and to establish evolutionary relationship of 14 Thai dwarf buffaloes and 21 swamp buffaloes based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop variations. Morphological characteristics could be constructed phylomorphologic tree and showed clearly classified between dwarf and swamp buffaloes. Most of morphologic traits were highly significant difference adult contest swamp buffaloes (P LT 0.01) from 9 contest swamp buffaloes. Only morphological traits of length between eye, length between base of horn, horn length and horn width were not significant difference (P GT 0.05). Average shoulder height of Thai dwarf buffaloes were 108.33+-2.08 cm, whereas average shoulder height of contest swamp buffaloes were 156.78+-4.21 cm. Thai dwarf buffaloes would be defined as disproportional dwarfism. Sequences of mtDNA D-loop (374 bp) of dwarf and normal swamp buffaloes with reference sequences showed 84 polymorphic sites and defined as 12 and 11 haplotypes, respectively. It was noticed that transversion in Thai dwarf buffaloes occurred twice time of normal swamp buffaloes. Phylogenetic tree showed 2 clades of water buffaloes. Swamp buffaloes were classified into lineage A and lineage B, in which lineage A was more predominant than lineage B. Median joining network showed 2 clades of river and swamp buffaloes. Swamp buffalo (SaenCP) in lineage A1 seem to be ancestral node of some Thai swamp buffaloes, Chinese swamp buffaloes and Philippines carabao. Most of dwarf swamp buffaloes were in lineage A2 and dwarf swamp buffalo with no horn, black color- coat was latter evolution.

Information needs in buffalo production system to develop mobile apps as an extension service delivery tool were assessed and prioritized in seven distinct segments. Data were collected personally from 100 buffalo owners from Haryana and Rajasthan and mean weighted average scores were calculated and ranked. Age at puberty and maturity and identification of heat symptoms and heat detection were the two top areas under broad area of reproduction wherein majority of farmers expressed their desire to include as content in mobile app. Information on infertility and prolapse of uterus were main reproductive problems and needed information under broad area of reproductive problems. Information on characteristics of good dairy animals followed by best buffaloes suited for local conditions along with production potential were areas identified under breeding head. Respondents needed information on use of mineral mixture and computation of ration and feeding schedule as per age and stage of animal under buffalo feeding information on mastitis and control of foot and mouth disease under the disease control and control of external parasites and vaccination schedule under health management were the subareas under the head. Farmers expressed need to have information on farmers training and warning systems about diseases and weather forecasts under the broad areas of marketing and training apart from various other areas in each major segment include as content while developing the mobile app on buffalo production system.

In this study, the status of water buffalo breeding in each geographical region in Turkey was examined, and the activities of enterprises were analysed from technical and economic perspectives. Four regions and the cities in these regions where buffalo breeding was concentrated in Turkey were chosen by Purposive Sampling Method, considering the number of water buffaloes, milk production and their share in the buffalo population and buffalo milk production in Turkey. A total of 462 sample enterprises were chosen from these cities by Stratified Random Sampling Method. The research data were collected through the questionnaires administered in face-to-face interviews with the producers. The data collected reflect the buffalo production in Turkey in 2014. The study examined socio-economic structures of the enterprises, revealing their capital structures and annual economic activities. The Marmara region ranked first in the time spent in buffalo breeding (26.62 years). Gross profit income was positive in four regions. Absolute profit and relative profit indicators were negative for farms in the Black Sea region and favourable for farms in other regions. For the development and promotion of buffalo breeding, the breeders should be further educated about better breeding practices, small enterprises should be modernized and expand their operations, efforts for the betterment of breeding practices should be intensified, existing wetlands should be protected and enhanced, the production costs (feed cost etc.) should be reduced, state subsidies should be granted to real producers, the public should be educated about the high nutritional value of water buffalo meat and milk through promotional campaigns, and buffalo producers should be better organized in producer unions.

Lactation curve and persistency of the lactation are the important parameters to study the sustainability of the lactation. The present study is based on daily milk production records for 298 lactations (maximum four lactations per animal) from 130 buffaloes belonging to 15 sires. Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) programme was used to prepare the lactation curve. Two most widely applied functions to study the lactation curve in Indian buffaloes i.e. gamma and inverse polynomial functions, were fitted to the daily milk yield records of the animals under study. Persistency was studied by carrying out simple analysis through Microsoft Excel 2000 on the weekly milk yield records of the animals. Gamma function was found to be more effective with higher R sup(2) value for all the four lactations to prepare the lactation curve as compared to inverse polynomial function. The value of persistency was found to be ranging from 97.94 percent to 98.56 percent for the fourth lactation to the first lactation, respectively. So it was concluded that gamma function can be effectively used to establish lactation curve and predict milk yield of animals on any day of lactation and Surti buffaloes as fairly persistent in milk production throughout the lactations.

The liver was located in the cranial part of the abdomen, immediately behind the diaphragm, entirely to the righty of the median plane, situated in an oblique downwards and forwards. The liver was consisted of two surfaces and four borders. The parietal surface was irregularly convex having falciform and coronary ligaments, which were attached to the diaphragm. The visceral surface was irregularly concave, which consisted an upper and large omasal impression, lower and narrow reticular impression, and abomasal impression was present in the right ventral area. The lesser omentum was extended from the esophageal notch to the portal fissure. The dorsal border was short and thick having deep renal impression on caudal lobe. Ventral border was short, thin and convex. The lateral border was thin and median border was thick to which esophageal notch was present.

A study was carried out to 24 buffalos, comprising 18 buffaloes having Cervico-Vaginal Prolapse and 6 normal pregnant buffaloes (above 7 months) on clinical cases brought to the Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Mhow, College dairy farm and Villages in and around Mhow to compare haemato-biochemical profile in normal and Cervico vaginal prolapsed buffaloes. Blood samples were collected initially before treatment (Day 0) and after treatment on 7th day. Haemato-biochemical parameters (haemoglobin, total leukocyte count, differential leukocyte count, serum calcium, and serum phosphorus, Serum magnesium (Mg)) were estimated and compared between control and treatment group animals. The mean values of serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus were significantly (P LT 0.01) lower in cervico vaginal affected buffaloes on day of prolapse (Day 0) which restored to nearly normal on the 7th day after treatment, though statistically significant variation was not observed.

Data on Egyptian buffalo were analyzed to estimate the effect of age at first calving (AFC, mo) classes on some productive traits [milk yield (MY, kg), milk yield per day, (MY/D, kg), and lactation period (LP, d) and reproductive traits [calving interval (CI, d) and number of services per conception (NSPC, count). Means for AFC were 916+-41, 1143+-72 and 1414+-119 days for early, average and late respectively. Additionally, means of milk yield (MY) for mentioned three levels of AFC were 1780+-774, 1920+-607 and 2040+-812 kg, respectively. Economic evaluations indicated that the profit per buffalo cow during the lifetime production were L.E 62960 (us dollars 3778), L.E 38538 (us dollars 2312) and L.E 3695 (us dollars 222) of early, average and late AFC, respectively. Reducing AFC was a positive influence on lifetime profit per buffalo cow. Lifetime profit rises to about L.E 24400, L.E 59200, and L.E 34800 when AFC decreased to 30 months from (38 months), to 30 months from (55 months) and to 38 months from (55 months), respectively. Heritability estimates for MY, MY/D, LP, CI, NSPC and AFC were 0.39+-0.09, 0.31+-0.07, 0.21+-0.08, 0.15+-0.06, 0.11+-0.07 and 0.57+-0.18, respectively. Genetic correlations between AFC and MY, MY/D, LP, CI, NSPC were -0.146+-0.33, -0.382+-0.30, +0.038+-0.47, +0.530+-0.49 and +0.311+-0.63, successively. The present results revealed that the buffaloes having late AFC were unprofitable during her productive life in the farm, but still needs further investigation of large data with different geographical area and management conditions.

The objective of present study was to assess the effect of Modified Co-synch protocol with or without progesterone device on estrus induction and conception rate in Murrah buffaloes under field conditions during summer season. The study was conducted on 30 postpartum anestrous Murrah buffaloes, divided into two groups containing 15 animals in each group. All animals were of parity between 2nd to 5th and body condition score of more than 3. Group 1 animals were treated with Modified Co-synch protocol. In Group 2 animals, in addition to Modified Co-synch protocol progesterone device was supplemented exogenously and kept in situ for 7 days. Another objective of study was to estimate plasma progesterone concentration on different days of protocols in both the groups. In Group 1, out of 15 animals that received Modified Co-synch protocol treatment, 12 (80 percent) animal responded and exhibited signs of heat after the prostaglandin administration and out of which four animal (33.33 percent) exhibited excellent symptoms, five animals (41.7 percent) showed medium category estrus and only three animal (25 percent) responded with poor estrus symptoms. Similarly in Group 2, all 15 animals that received Modified Co-synch protocol along with progesterone device for 7 days responded to treatment and expressed sign of heat and out of which seven buffaloes (46.7 percent) responded with excellent symptoms, five animals (33.3 percent) showed medium estrus symptoms and only three animals (20 percent) expressed poor estrus signs. In Group 1, out of 12 animals which were inseminated, five animals (33.3 percent) were found to be pregnant after FTAI at induced estrus and three animals (30 percent) got pregnant following AI during second estrus. Thus, an overall conception rate (53.53 percent) with pregnancy of eight buffaloes following induced and subsequent estrous was achieved in this Group. Similarly in Group 2, out of 15 animals, seven buffaloes (46.6 percent) were found to be pregnant following induced estrous and three animals (37.5 percent) got pregnant following AI at subsequent estrous. Thus, an overall conception rate (66.67 percent) with pregnancy of ten buffaloes following induced and subsequent estrous was recorded in this group. Concentration of progesterone in Group 1 was 0.24+-0.04, 1.38+-0.11, 0.31+-0.05, 0.25+-0.04 ng/ml (on Day 0, 7, 9, 10) and in Group 2 was 0.26+-0.04, 3.75+-0.40, 0.24+-0.05, 0.25+-0.05 ng/ml (on Day 0, 7, 9, 10). Therefore, it was concluded that progesterone supplementation in Modified Co-synch protocol treatment during non-breeding season results in very good induction and acceptable conception rate in anestrous buffaloes under field conditions.

Present study was conducted on 40 pregnant Murrah buffaloes belonging to Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh, India. Animals were divided into two groups, Group I (n=10) consisting of clinically healthy animals and Group II (n=30) consisting of hypophosphataemic animals with a history of passing coffee colored urine, reduced appetite and decreased milk production. Serum biochemical parameters divulged high mean concentration of serum glucose, bilirubin, total bilirubin, ALT and AST besides serum alkaline phosphatase, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen while as notably decreased levels of serum albumin, enzyme glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and total serum protein. The blood mineral picture divulged elevated levels of potassium, molybdenum and iron whereas remarkably reduced concentrations of copper and phosphorous were recorded. Hematological studies revealed decreased red blood cells (RBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV) with increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), neutrophil and lymphocyte count.

The data pertaining to variable reproduction traits in Surti buffaloes were collected from network project on buffalo, Livestock Research Station, Vallabhnagar Rajasthan to obtain the genetic parameters of various reproduction traits in Surti buffaloes. The least squares means of various reproduction traits were adjusted for significant non-genetic factors and from these adjusted data, genetic parameters namely heritability and repeatability estimates as well as genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated in the population. The estimates of least-square means for calving interval, dry period and service period were 491.58+-8.56, 195.57+-6.87 and 223.60+-8.75, respectively. Effect of season and periods were highly significant (P LT= 0.01) but the effect of sire and parity were non-significant in all three traits. Regression of reproduction traits on age at first calving was negative and non-significant for all traits. Among the reproduction traits, dry period, service period and calving interval had very low heritability estimates it was due to the low additive genetic variances. Fitting maternal effect to repeatability univariate model (Model 2), it increased the additive genetic variance in CI and SP but reduced in DP. Lower repeatability estimates were observed for all reproduction traits under study. Genetic correlations of calving interval with dry period and service period were not estimated and phenotypic correlations of dry period with service period and calving interval were very high and positive.