The present article discusses screening of 25 female buffaloes reporting with complaint of haematuria, strangury, polyuria, dribbling of urine. These were subjected to urinalysis using urine reagent strips for a quick assessment of the quality of urine to ascertain possible urinary tract disorders. Out of these 25 buffaloes, six were suspected to be suffering from urinary tract disease on the basis of presenting history and symptoms and preliminary urinalysis. Diagnosis of haemorrhagic cystitis and post-partum vaginal trauma in one case, urinary bladder tumour in two cases, hydronephrosis and a cyst beneath the rectum in one case and having purulent cystitis and urethritis with renal cysts in two cases is reported.

The present study was designed to assess the bacterial isolation and their antibiogram from endometritis in slaughtered buffaloes. A total 110 uterine swabs at horn-body junction of slaughtered buffaloes were collected from local abattoir in Junagadh. Out of 110 uterine swabs 56 (50.90 percent) uterine samples showed the growth of various bacteria and remaining 54 swabs (49.10 percent) were found to be sterile. Among 56 uterine samples 50 swabs (89.28 percent) showed single isolate and remaining 06 (10.72 percent) exhibited mixed infection. The Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. isolates (24.19 percent) top the list followed by Corynebacterium spp. (17.74 percent), Micrococcus spp. (14.52 percent), Fusobacterium spp. (8.06 percent), Pseudomonas spp. (4.84 percent), Bacillus spp. (4.84 percent) and Streptococcus spp. (1.61 percent). The antimicrobial susceptibility of these bacterial isolates were showed highest sensitivity against Chloramphenicol (83.9 percent) followed by Gentamicin (80.6 percent), Levofloxacin (77.4 percent), Oxytetracycline (77.4 percent), Ceftriaxone/Sulbactam (69.3 percent), Cefoperazone/Sulbactam (61.2 percent) and Amoxicillin/Sulbactam (33.9 percent).

The Present study was conducted to retrospectively analyze the pattern of calf mortality (0 to 1 year age) from 1992 to 1993 to 2015 to 2016 in an organized Murrah buffalo herd maintained at Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes (CIRB), Hisar, Haryana. During the study period, highest calf mortality (8.35 percent) was observed inperiod P1 (1992 to 1995), while lowest mortality (2.64 percent) was observed in P7 (2010 to 2013) with an overall mortality rate of 4.94 percent from1992 1993 to 2015 to 2016 over the period of twenty five years.The overallage-specific mortality (9.5 percent) was observed highest in Group I: birth to three months age,while lowest mortality (2.5 percent) was observed in Group 3: 6 to 12 months age. There was no significant difference in overall sex-specific mortality (P LT= 0.01) over the period of twenty four years. Highest proportionate mortality rate (37.6 percent) was observed during winter season and greatest losses in terms of proportionate mortality rate (30.7 percent) were attributed to gastrointestinal plus pneumonia causes of mortality. Chi square test depicted statistically significant association of period, age group, season and cause of deathwith the calf mortality at P LT = 0.01. Retrospective investigation indicates that overall calf mortality rate from birth to one year of age was much lesser during the recent period (P7: 2.6 percent, P8: 3.1 percent) possibly attributed to good husbandry conditions including routine vaccination schedule, optimum colostrum feeding and improved nutritional management as contributing factors here for a steady improvement in the management and health status of calves through time. Based on findings of the highest mortality up to 3 months age (9.5 percent) in the present study, proper hygienic conditions in calf sheds, adequate healthcare, appropriate colostrum feeding and good husbandry conditions during this critical period are recommended to minimise the calf exposure to new infections.

Oxidative stress is present in buffaloes with diaphragmatic hernia not only because of endogenous antioxidant deficiency but also because of reperfusion injury owing to intraoperative animal posture. This study was planned in 12 buffaloes with diaphragmatic hernia which was corrected surgically either with or without positive pressure ventilation. The extent of oxidative stress was estimated by studying MDA and SOD levels in blood. Both MDA and SOD increased at different stages of operation and did not differ significantly in animals with or without positive pressure ventilation.

This study was conducted to determine feeding regimes and some production parameters of Anatolia buffaloes in the Azikheli Delta which one of the Turkey's biggest and most important wetland ecosystem. A total of 59 dairy farms, whose owners were members of the Samsun Provincial Buffalo Breeders Union, were selected for the survey. According to results of the survey, 55.9 percent of the buffalo breeders had above 20 buffaloes. The majority of the farmers produced their own roughage. Most respondents reported that calves were weaned at 5 months of age or older. The investigation revealed that the buffalo feeding system depended on grazing from April to November (summer feeding). During winter feeding, dry forage+silage were used together on the majority of the farms (96.6 percent). All respondents didn’t feed concentrates to their heifers and pregnant buffaloes in the last trimester were fed a special regime by some farmers (16.9 percent). The buffaloes in early lactation were provided a supplementary concentrate mixture by 78 percent of farmers. None of the producers used balanced rations for their animals. Daily milk yield, 69.5 percent of farms, were 3 to 5 L. Mean age at first calving were 31 to 36 months. The survey results showed that the feeding regimes for Anatolian buffaloes adopted by the farmers are deficient and this is probably causing reduced milk yields and reproductive performance. Consequently, in order to improvement milk yield and reproduction potential, it is suggested that buffalo feeding regime should be matched to nutrient requirements and giving information to farmers about feeding techniques.

This study aimed to determine the lactoferrin concentration from healthy and subclinical mastitic buffaloes. Lactoferrin levels were determined in a total of 475 mammary quarter milk samples, 391 of which were healthy and 84 suffering from subclinical mastitis. The mean milk lactoferrin level in logarithmic form for healthy and subclinical mastitic milk samples was 1.34+-0.27 and 1.85+-0.47, respectively. A significant difference (p LT 0.001) was determined between the two groups in terms of the lactoferrin levels. The milk lactoferrin levels in healthy buffaloes were significantly higher in the middle and late periods of lactation than the peak period (p LT 0.05). The mean milk lactoferrin levels in subclinical mastitic buffaloes infected with S. aureus or S. agalactiae were significantly higher than those from in buffaloes infected with Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CNS) or Candida spp. (p LT 0.05). An increase in milk lactoferrin levels was observed in parallel with the increase in somatic cell scores. In conclusion, milk lactoferrin levels in buffaloes were found to increase with the lactation stage, the presence of bacterial infection and the somatic cell count. This is the first study to determine the relationship between lactoferrin concentrations and bacterial infection in milk obtained from mammary quarters with subclinical mastitis in Anatolian buffaloes.

The ability to utilize low-quality roughage of swamp buffalo has been reported, thus, rumen of swamp buffalo might be a suitable source for isolation of potent fibrolytic bacteria. A total of 165 gram-negative cocci fibrolytic bacteria were screened from rumen contents of 4 swamp buffalo. Six isolates were identified as Ruminococcus flavefaciens and phylogenetically grouped with type strain. Strain OS14 showed the highest fiber digestion alone or combination with non-fibrolytic bacteria and higher than type strain. DM digestibility of cellulose powder in co-culture of OS14 with all strains non-fibrolytic was increased. Moreover, co-culture of OS14 with S137 showed the highest fiber digestion and notably increased of acetate and propionate. These results indicated that possible cross-feeding between R. flavefaciens with non-fibrolytic bacteria could improve fiber digestion but the amount of improvement might be based on the combination of bacteria strains. The in vitro fermentation products and abundance in co-culture need to be quantified in further study.

The present study evaluated the impact of once-used intravaginal progesterone inserts (TRIU-B) from day 4 to day 10 post-ovulation on luteal profile (corpus luteum diameter, CL; plasma progesterone) and conception rate in buffalo (n=80) during summer season. The buffaloes were estrus synchronized by Cloprostenol (500 micro g, i.m.) administered 11 days apart, followed by AI during standing estrus. All the buffaloes were equally categorized into control (without TRIU-B) or treatment (pervaginally inserted with once-used TRIU-B) group. From each group, 15 buffaloes were subjected to ovarian ultrasonography for CL diameter measurements on day 4 and day 10 postovulation followed by jugular vein blood collection for plasma progesterone analysis. On day 10 postovulation, the control group buffalo had larger (P LT 0.05) CL diameter (15.2+-0.5 vs. 14.0+-0.3 mm), whereas, plasma progesterone was higher (P LT 0.05) in treatment group (3.4+-0.2 vs. 1.7+-0.1 ng/ml). Conception rates were 55.0 and 37.5 percent in treatment and control groups, respectively (χ2=2.46, P GT 0.05). Moreover, pregnant and non-pregnant buffalo of treatment group exhibited higher (P LT 0.05) plasma progesterone on day 10 post-ovulation compared to their control counterparts. In conclusion, pervaginal insertion of once-used TRIU-B enhanced post-ovulation plasma progesterone but failed to improve conception rate in buffalo.

Present investigation was carried out on randomly selected 120 she buffaloes in dairy farms and local farmers of different places, villages of Surajpur, with the objective to study the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in she buffaloes at adjoining areas of Surajpur. The prevalence of the subclinical mastitis was studied by screening of she buffaloes correlated with age, breed, stage of lactation and quarter wise distribution. The overall prevalence rate was 68.33 percent. The rate of prevalence of SCM was the highest between the age group of 9 and 11 years (90.32 percent). Breed wise prevalence of SCM was found maximum in crossbred (72.30 percent) followed by indigenous (65.62 percent) and nondescript (47.23 percent) breed. The prevalence of SCM was found to be the highest in mid lactation (76.47 percent) followed by early (67.27 percent) and late (61.29 percent) lactation. Quarter wise study revealed that the left hind quarters (30.83 percent) were found to be the most prone for sub clinical infection followed by right fore (19.16 percent), left fore (10 percent) and the least affected was right hind quarter (8.33 percent).

This article details about successful management of prolong gestation associated with partial mummification in buffalo.